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Saracen was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Romans as Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta. The term's meaning evolved during its history of usage. During the Early Middle Ages, the term came to be associated with the tribes of Arabia.
The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. Today, the term "Holy Land" usually refers to a territory roughly corresponding to the modern states of Israel and Palestine. Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Baháʼís regard it as holy.
Carolingian minuscule or Caroline minuscule is a script which developed as a calligraphic standard in the medieval European period so that the Latin alphabet of Jerome's Vulgate Bible could be easily recognized by the literate class from one region to another. It is thought to have originated before 778 CE at the scriptorium of the Benedictine monks of Corbie Abbey, about 150 kilometres north of Paris, and then developed by Alcuin of York for wide use in the Carolingian Renaissance. Alcuin himself still wrote in a script which was a precursor to the Carolingian minuscule, which slowly developed over three centuries. He was most likely responsible for copying and preserving the manuscripts and upkeep of the script. It was used in the Holy Roman Empire between approximately 800 and 1200. Codices, pagan and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule.
The Via Francigena is an ancient road and pilgrimage route running from the cathedral city of Canterbury in England, through France and Switzerland, to Rome and then to Apulia, Italy, where there were ports of embarkation for the Holy Land. It was known in Italy as the "Via Francigena" or the "Via Romea Francigena". In medieval times it was an important road and pilgrimage route for those wishing to visit the Holy See and the tombs of the apostles Peter and Paul.
Egeria, Etheria, or Aetheria was a Hispano-Roman Christian woman, widely regarded to be the author of a detailed account of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land about 381/2–384. The long letter, dubbed Peregrinatio or Itinerarium Egeriae, is addressed to a circle of women at home. Historical details it contains set the journey in the early 380s, making it the earliest of its kind. It survives in fragmentary form in a later copy—lacking a title, date and attribution.
Benjamin of Tudela, also known as Benjamin ben Jonah, was a medieval Jewish traveler who visited Europe, Asia, and Africa in the twelfth century. His vivid descriptions of western Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by a hundred years. With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela is a major figure in medieval geography and Jewish history.
Ibn Jubayr, also written Ibn Jubair, Ibn Jobair, and Ibn Djubayr, was an Arab geographer, traveller and poet from al-Andalus. His travel chronicle describes the pilgrimage he made to Mecca from 1183 to 1185, in the years preceding the Third Crusade. His chronicle describes Saladin's domains in Egypt and the Levant which he passed through on his way to Mecca. Further, on his return journey, he passed through Christian Sicily, which had been recaptured from the Muslims only a century before, and he made several observations on the hybrid polyglot culture that flourished there.
Itinerarium Burdigalense, also known as Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum, is the oldest known Christian itinerarium. It was written by the "Pilgrim of Bordeaux", an anonymous pilgrim from the city of Burdigala in the Roman province of Gallia Aquitania.
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The Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) was a text publication society based in London, which specialised in publishing editions and translations of medieval texts relevant to the history of pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Particular attention was given to accounts by pilgrims and other travellers containing geographical or topographical information, as well as those which discussed the manners and customs of the Holy Land. The original narratives were written in a variety of languages, including Greek, Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Old French, Russian, and German.
Christianity has a strong tradition of pilgrimages, both to sites relevant to the New Testament narrative and to sites associated with later saints or miracles.
The Emirate of Bari was a short-lived Islamic state in Apulia, in what is now Italy, ruled by non-Arabs, probably Berbers and Black West Africans. Controlled from the South Italian city of Bari, it was established about 847 when the region was taken from the Byzantine Empire, but fell in 871 to the army of the Carolingian emperor Louis II.
Symon Semeonis was a 14th-century Irish Franciscan friar and author.
The anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza, sometimes simply called the Piacenza Pilgrim, was a sixth-century Christian pilgrim from Piacenza in northern Italy who travelled to the Holy Land at the height of Byzantine rule in the 570s and wrote a narrative - an itinerarium - of his pilgrimage.
Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan is an itinerary written c. 1157 by Níkulás Bergsson, the abbot of the monastery of Þverá in Eyjafjörður, Northern Iceland.
Sæwulf was probably the first English pilgrim to Jerusalem following its conquest in the First Crusade. His Latin written account of his pilgrimage tells of an arduous and dangerous journey; and Sæwulf's descriptive narrative provides scholars brief but significant insight into sea travel across the Mediterranean to the new Kingdom of Jerusalem that was established soon after the end of the First Crusade.
Crusade Texts in Translation is a book series of English translations of texts about the Crusades published initially by Ashgate in Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, Vermont, and currently by Routledge. Publication began in May 1996. The editors of the series, all from the United Kingdom, are Malcolm Barber, University of Reading; Peter Edbury, Cardiff University; Bernard Hamilton, University of Nottingham; Norman Housley, University of Leicester; and Peter Jackson, University of Keele.
De situ terrae sanctae is a short 6th-century report of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Its author is identified in a 9th-century manuscript as a German archdeacon named Theodosius.
The Pilgrim's Road or Pilgrims' Road was a route through Asia Minor to the Holy Land.
Historical sources of the Crusades: pilgrimages and exploration include those authors whose work describes pilgrimages to the Holy Land and other explorations to the Middle East and Asia that are relevant to Crusader history. In his seminal article in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Dominican friar and historian Bede Jarrett (1881–1934) wrote on the subject of Pilgrimage and identified that the "Crusades also naturally arose out of the idea of pilgrimages." This was reinforced by the Reverend Florentine Stanislaus Bechtel in his article Itineraria in the same encyclopedia. Pilgrims, missionaries, and other travelers to the Holy Land have documented their experiences through accounts of travel and even guides of sites to visit. Many of these have been recognized by historians, for example, the travels of ibn Jubayr and Marco Polo. Some of the more important travel accounts are listed here. Many of these are also of relevance to the study of historical geography and some can be found in the publications of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) and Corpus Scriptorum Eccesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL), particularly CSEL 39, Itinerarium Hierosolymitana. Much of this information is from the seminal work of 19th-century scholars including Edward Robinson, Titus Tobler and Reinhold Röhricht. Recently, the Independent Crusaders Project has been initiated by the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies providing a database of Crusaders who traveled to the Holy Land independent of military expeditions.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Halevi, Leor (January 1998). "Bernard, Explorer of the Muslim Lake: a Pilgrimage From Rome to Jerusalem, 867". Medieval Encounters. 4 (1): 24–50. doi:10.1163/157006798X00025 – via Brill Journals Archive.
- ↑ Halevi, Leor (January 1998). "Bernard, Explorer of the Muslim Lake: a Pilgrimage From Rome to Jerusalem, 867". Medieval Encounters. 4 (1): 25. doi:10.1163/157006798X00025 – via Brill Journals Archive.
- 1 2 McCormick, Michael (2001). Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300-900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-521-66102-1.
- ↑ McCormick, Michael (2001). Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce A.D. 300-900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-521-66102-1.
- 1 2 Bernard the Pilgrim (2009). Paul Edward Dutton (ed.). Carolingian Civilization: A Reader, Second Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 473. ISBN 978-1-55111-492-7.
- ↑ Bernard the Pilgrim (2009). Paul Edward Dutton (ed.). Carolingian Civilization: A Reader, Second Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 478. ISBN 978-1-55111-492-7.
- ↑ Halevi, Leor (January 1998). "Bernard, Explorer of the Muslim Lake: a Pilgrimage From Rome to Jerusalem, 867". Medieval Encounters. 4 (1): 40. doi:10.1163/157006798X00025 – via Brill Journals Archive.
- ↑ Bernard the Pilgrim (2009). Paul Edward Dutton (ed.). Carolingian Civilization: A Reader, Second Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 475. ISBN 978-1-55111-492-7.
- ↑ Friedman, John Block et al., eds. Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia, p. 60 (Routledge 2000)
- ↑ The History of the Kings of England and the Modern History of William of Malmesbury, pp. 438-39 (Translated by Rev. John Sharpe, London, 1815)
- ↑ Clarke, Edward Daniel. Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa, Volume 2, Part 1, p. 635 (1813)
