| Betta miniopinna | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anabantiformes |
| Family: | Osphronemidae |
| Genus: | Betta |
| Species: | B. miniopinna |
| Binomial name | |
| Betta miniopinna | |
Betta miniopinna is a species of gourami endemic to Bintan Island in the Riau Archipelago of Indonesia. The species reaches 2.4 cm (0.9 inches) in standard length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather. [2]
The binomial Betta miniopinna is derived from the vernacular Malay term ikan betah, which refers to the broad categorization of species in this genus Betta; and miniopinna, from the Latin minius (cinnabar-red) and pinna (fin), in reference to the reddish colouration of the species' pelvic fins. [3]
Betta miniopinna is stenotopic to densely forested peat swamps and associated streams near Tanjong Bintan on Pulau Bintan (in which it is sympatric to B. spilotogena), characterized by an acidic blackwater habitat (of a pH of 4.9–6) formed as a consequence of the abundant decay of humic material and the effusion of tannins from decaying leaves. The substrate of these swamps consists of a soft mud, covered with submerged leaf litter and branches, and a dense system of submerged roots. It is apparent that these systems of peat swamps are desiccated over periods of several weeks in the absence of rain, forcing the fish to survive within the moist leaf litter. It has been documented- both in situ and ex situ – that this species utilizes a paternal bubble-nesting habit, a typical mating behavior among its congeners. [4] [3]
The species' narrow extent of occurrence has been restricted to a region of degraded peat swamps, turbid from a number of construction efforts which had been implemented in order to establish touristic industries on the island. Threats to peat-forest endemics from the conversion of swamps to monoculture plantations, and the abundance of construction in such regions are considered to pose immense conservation concerns. [1]
Paedocypris is a genus of tiny cyprinid fish found in swamps and streams on the Southeast Asian islands of Borneo, Sumatra and Bintan.
Paedocypris progenetica is a species of tiny cyprinid fish endemic to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Bintan where it is found in peat swamps and blackwater streams. It was discovered by Singaporean ichthyologist Heok Hui Tan. He has written a description of the fish along with another species of the same genus called Paedocypris micromegethes.
The Borneo peat swamp forests ecoregion, within the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome, are on the island of Borneo, which is divided between Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia.
Betta persephone is a species of labyrinth fish endemic to Malaysia where it is only known from Johor. This betta's specific epithet derives from the Greek goddess Persephone, queen of the Underworld, a reference to the largely blackish colouration of this fish.
Betta burdigala is a species of gourami endemic to Bangka Island in Indonesia. It is an inhabitant of peat swamps. This species grows to a length of 2.5 cm (0.98 in).
Betta chini is a species of gourami endemic to the island Borneo where it is only known from the Malaysian state of Sabah. It inhabits very shallow waters of peat swamps. Males of this species can reach a length of 5.1 centimetres (2.0 in) SL while females can reach a length of 5.6 centimetres (2.2 in).
Betta chloropharynx is a species of gourami endemic to Bangka Island, Indonesia. It inhabits the leaf litter in a pool in a secondary forest. This species grows to a length of 5.9 cm (2.3 in).
Betta livida is a species of gourami endemic to Malaysia, where it is only known from the state of Selangor. It is an inhabitant of peat swamps; it grows to a length of 3.6 cm (1.4 in).
Betta spilotogena is a species of gourami endemic to Indonesia where it is only known from the islands of Bintan and Singkep. It inhabits swamps and nearby streams preferring areas with plentiful vegetation and 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) or less in depth. This species grows to a length of 7 centimetres (2.8 in) SL.
Parosphromenus harveyi is a species of gourami endemic to Malaysia, where it is only known from Selangor. The most extreme freshwater habitats in Peninsular Malaysia is the peat swamp forest that consist of dark-coloured and highly acidic waters. Parosphromenus harveyi is known as licorice gourami, small labyrinth fishes located within the north Selangor peat swamp forest from the Tanjong Malim area in neighbouring Perak state at least one population distribution that exhibit a wide variety of morphological and behavioural traits. Species of the osphronemid genus Parosphromenus that stenotypic inhabitant of peat swamp forests and associated black water streams which has a very little light penetrates. Parosphromenus was established by Brown, 1987. Since 1950s, the additional taxa have been described on a sporadic basis and there are 20 recognised members at present.
Betta pallifina is a species of gourami endemic to the island of Borneo.
Betta is a large genus of small, active, often colorful, freshwater ray-finned fishes, in the gourami family (Osphronemidae). The best known Betta species is B. splendens, commonly known as the Siamese fighting fish and often kept as an aquarium pet.
Betta enisae is a species of gourami endemic to the Kapuas River basin of Indonesia. It is an inhabitant of forest streams with slightly acidic waters, and can mostly be found in the shallows amongst the leaf litter. This species grows to a length of 5.9 cm (2.3 in). It is commonly used as bait by local fishermen and has been found in the aquarium trade. The specific name of this fish honours Enis Widjanarti who assisted Kottelat in his expedition to the Kapuas Lakes.
Betta bellica. the slim betta or slender betta, is a species of betta native to eastern Sumatra in Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia. It is an inhabitant of swamp forests and peat swamps. This species grows to a length of 10 cm (3.9 in). It can also be found in the aquarium trade.
Betta rutilans is a species of gourami endemic to Indonesia. Their habitat is blackwater streams and peat swamp forests with very little sunlight. Their name rutilans is Latin for "reddish", "grow red", or "being red".
The Toba betta is a species of gourami endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia where it is an inhabitant of peat swamps. The species grows to a length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in) TL, and it can also be found in the aquarium trade.
Betta raja is a species of betta endemic to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is an inhabitant of swamps in lowland forests. This species grows to a length of 6.4 centimetres (2.5 in) SL. It is used as bait by local fishermen and has also been found in the aquarium trade. Despite its scientific epithet "raja" meaning "Prince" or "king", this species is not identical to the aquarium breed - the King betta. The derivation of the King betta is not fully known and may or may not involve crossbreeding with B. raja.
Betta cracens is a species of gourami endemic to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is an inhabitant of freshwater swamp forest. This species grows to a length of 5.7 cm (2.2 in), typically inhabits blackwaters that have very soft and very acidic water and is a bubble nest brooder. The Latin term cracens means "slender" or "elegant" and is so named because of the fish's slender body. It was first described in 1996 by Heok Hui Tan and Peter K. L. Ng in The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology.
Betta midas is a species of gourami in the genus Betta. It is native to Asia, specifically the island of Borneo, where it occurs in the Kapuas River basin in West Kalimantan in Indonesia, as well as western Sarawak in Malaysia. It is typically found in acidic blackwater rivers in remnant and intact peat swamp forests. The species reaches 6.6 cm in standard length and is known to be a facultative air-breather.
Betta renata is a species of gourami. It is native to Asia, where it occurs in blackwater rivers in the vicinity of peat swamp forests on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The environments in which the species occurs are characterized by acidic water with a pH of 4.1, as well as abundant plant debris and logs. The species reaches 8.5 cm in standard length and is known to be a facultative air-breather.
