Luke was translated into the Kuikuro language by missionaries with Worldwinds International. It was completed in 2007.
The Gospel of Luke in Aymara, translated by Vicente Pazos Kanki, a former priest from Upper Peru, in cooperation with the Scottish baptist pastor James Thompson, was published in 1828, which was the first publication of a whole book of the Bible in a Native American language. [1] The first translation of the New Testament appeared in 1954, and the translation of the whole Bible into Aymara was published the first time in 1986, [2] second time in 1997. [3] A modernized edition in the contemporary orthography and with deuterocanonicals appeared in 2003. [4]
Aymara Bible editions from both 1997 and 2011 have been accessible on Bible portals since about 2012. [5] [6]
The Catechism and the Doctrina christiana were published in 1584, shortly after Spanish conquest, in a version in Quechua and Aymara approved by the Council of Lima (Ciudad de los Reyes) in 1583, [7] but attempts to translate the Bible into these languages were suppressed by the Spanish authorities and the Catholic Church. [8] Only in the 19th century missionaries began to translate the New Testament into Quechua. In 1822 the Scottish baptist pastor James Thompson planned to translate the whole Bible into Quechua and Aymara. During the Peruvian war of independence he was called by José de San Martín to Peru in 1822. From 1822 to 1824 together with a team of four translators he translated the New Testament into Quechua, but due to the war the manuscript was lost in 1825. [9] So the first book of the Bible to be published in Quechua was the Gospel of John in Classical Quechua in 1880. [10] At the beginning of the 20th century, Clorinda Matto (1852–1909), a writer from Cuzco living in Buenos Aires, translated the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans from Spanish into Cusco Quechua, published between 1901 and 1904. [11] In 1907 and 1915, revised versions followed. [12] Between 1917 and 1929, parts of the Bible in South Bolivian Quechua and Spanish were published: a bilingual Quechua-Spanish edition of the four Gospels in 1917, a bilingual New Testament in 1922 [13] and the Psalms in 1929. [14] A new edition of the New Testament in Bolivian Quechua appeared in 1977. [15]
In 1923 the first translation of the four Gospels into a Central Quechua dialect appeared in Huallaga Quechua in Peru. [16] In the Ayacucho Region the Presbyterian Quechua pastor and songwriter Florencio Segura, author of an extensive Christian Quechua songbook, which appeared in several editions, [17] [18] translated the Gospel of John, published in 1954 in Ayacucho Quechua. [19] In the same year the Gospel of Luke, translated under the guidance of the Presbyterian pastor Homer Emerson into Ayacucho Quechua, was printed. [20] [21] In Peru, the first Quechua translation of the New Testament was published in 1947 in Cusco Quechua. [22] Translations followed in Ayacucho Quechua in 1958 [23] [24] and 1981, [25] and in Cusco Quechua 1986. [26] The first translation of the New Testament into Quichua of Ecuador was published in 1954. [27]
It was not until the last quarter of the 20th century that translations of the whole Bible from Hebrew and Greek into Quechua were done, but since then several Quechua Bible translations have been completed. Most work has been done by Protestant groups with international support, but two Catholic translations have also appeared. The first translation of the whole Old and New Testament into Quechua, but without deuterocanonicals, was published in 1986 in Bolivian Quechua. [28] In the Ayacucho Region, the Quechua pastor and translator Rómulo Sauñe Quicaña was the first to give way to a whole Bible translation in Peru, which appeared 1987 in Ayacucho Quechua. [29] For his translation from Hebrew, Sauñe traveled to Israel. In 1992 he was murdered by terrorists of the Shining Path, together with three companions. [30] In 1988 the first translation of the whole Bible into Cusco Quechua, jointly sponsored by the Catholic Church and Protestant groups, [31] was published. [32] In Ecuador, Bible translations into three Kichwa varieties appeared in 1989 (Chimborazo), [33] 1994 (Imbabura), [34] and 2010 (Cañar). [35] In 1996, an interconfessional team published a new edition of the Bolivian Quechua Bible, [36] and in 2004 an extended edition with the deuterocanonicals appeared. [37] In 2010 the first Bible translation into a Central Quechua variety was published, namely Huallaga Quechua, [38] which was realized under the guidance of the Wycliffe Translator and linguist David Weber of SIL International. [39]
Within the Roman Catholic Church, two translations of the whole Bible including the Deuterocanonicals into Quechua and Kichwa have been done, both published as bilingual Quechua-Spanish editions. In contrast to the other Bible translations into Quechua, no reference to a specific variety (language according to SIL International) has been made. First Catholic translations of the four Gospels were published as bilingual Quechua-Spanish editions in 1972 in Quichua of Ecuador, translated under the guidance of the bishop of Riobamba, Leonidas Proaño, [40] and, including the Acts of the Apostles, in 1974 in Quechua of Southern Peru, translated under the bishops of Abancay and Huancavelica, Enrique Pélach y Feliu and William Dermott Molloy McDermott. [41] In 1973 the Catholic missionary Bernarda Ortiz (“Coronita”), later the Salesian priest Antonio Brescuani and the Jesuits Miguel and Francisco Ramos in cooperation with indigenous Christians speaking several dialects of Kichwa, started in Latacunga to translate the Bible into Kichwa of Ecuador. [42] In 1997 the result of their work was published in Madrid as a bilingual Kichwa-Spanish Bible. [43] In Peru, the Catholic priest Mons. Florencio Coronado in Huancavelica translated the Bible into Quechua, which appeared in 2002 as a bilingual edition, with the support of the bishop of Huancavelica Mons. Dermott Molloy. [44] In contrast to other modern translators, Coronado used the New Vulgate for his translation. Both these Catholic translations are written in a Hispanic orthography. There is also a translation of the four Gospels by the priests of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (province of Peru) Hilario Huanca Mamani und Hermann Wendling into Puno Quechua of 2007. [45]
Most Quechua Bible translations have been accessible on various internet Bible portals since about 2012, e.g. Quechua editions for Bolivia, Ayacucho, Cusco, and Ecuador, but neither the Deuterocanonicals nor the Catholic translations. [46] [47] The Bible in Ayacucho Quechua (1987), [48] in Huallaga Quechua (2011) [49] and several Quechua translations of the New Testament by the Wycliffe Translators [50] are also accessible as PDF (under copyright).
Now there are translations of the complete Bible into six specific Quechuan languages, according to Ethnologue, and two additional translations into Quechua and Kichwa, respectively, without specification. The deuterocanonicals have been included into three of these translations:
Additionally, there are translations of the New Testament into at least 17 Quechuan languages.
2002 Old and New Testament
1958 New Testament: "Señorninchik Jesucristopa, Musuq Testamenton", Published by Sociedades Bíblicas en América Latina [offices in 14 cities of Latin America]. A copy bought in Lima, Peru, shows on reverse of title page: "Quechua de Ayacucho y Español, N.T.#285PDI, ABS-1965-1M-3M-T". ABS-1965 identifies the American Bible Society, and 1965 is the year of publication/printing; the code after that indicates number of copies printed. Neither a copyright notice nor an official publication date is shown in the book; the Christian societies that publish these examples of scripture are amenable to having some or part of the work copied and distributed without formal permission from the original publisher. An 18cm x 13cm booklet -- 8 color maps of the "ancient biblical world" with index of place names -- is inserted and bound into the book after the final printed page (p740).
1987 Old and New Testament.
1947 New Testament, 1988 and 2004 Old and New Testament
2006 New Testament
1922 New Testament, 1993, 1997 and 2004 Old and New Testament
2004 New Testament
2004 New Testament
1997 Old and New Testament
2011 Old and New Testament
1954 New Testament, 1989 and 2000 Old and New Testament
1976 New Testament, 1994 Old and New Testament
1996 New Testament
1992 New Testament
1997 New Testament
2011 Old and New Testament
2003 New Testament
2007 New Testament
2006 New Testament
2008 New Testament
1997 New Testament
2006 New Testament
2010 New Testament
2002 New Testament
The translation of the Bible into Guaraní language is known as Ñandejara Ñe'ê. [51]
Paulo and Quézia Oliveira have translated the New Testament and portions of the old Testament into the Tembé language. Luke was published in November 2008 and the whole New Testament is currently being published.
Horst Stute's translation of Mark was published by New Tribes Mission in 1988 followed by Thessalonians in 1991.
Rachel Saint, an American, translated into Huaorani language (language isolate) of Ecuador and Peru.
Translation | John (Wäö) 3:16 |
---|---|
Wycliffe 2009 | "Edæ Wængonguï incæ inguipoga quëwënäni ïnänite në waadete pönengä inte tömengä Wengä adocanque onguïñængä ïñongante pönongä pongacäimpa. Ïninque æcänö tömengä ingante në wede pönëna ïñömö tömengä wë womönämaï inte cöwë wænämaï quëwencæcäimpa |
Quechua, also called Runasimi in Southern Quechua, is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes. Derived from a common ancestral "Proto-Quechua" language, it is today the most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, with the number of speakers estimated at 8–10 million speakers in 2004, and just under 7 million from the most recent census data available up to 2011. Approximately 13.9% of Peruvians speak a Quechua language.
Clorinda Matto de Turner was a Peruvian writer who lived during the early years of Latin American independence. Her own independence inspired women throughout the region as her writings sparked controversy in her own culture.
The Reina–Valera is a Spanish translation of the Bible originally published in 1602 when Cipriano de Valera revised an earlier translation produced in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina. This translation was known as the "Biblia del Oso" because the illustration on the title page showed a bear trying to reach a container of honeycombs hanging from a tree. Since that date, it has undergone various revisions, notably those of 1862, 1909, 1960, 1977, 1995, and 2011.
Quechua people or Quichua people may refer to any of the indigenous peoples of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the Indigenous people of Peru. Although most Quechua speakers are native to Peru, there are some significant populations in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina.
Cusco–Collao or Qusqu–Qullaw (Quechua) is a collective term used for Quechua dialects that have aspirated and ejective plosives, apparently borrowed from Aymaran languages. They include Cusco Quechua, Puno Quechua, North Bolivian Quechua, and South Bolivian Quechua. Together with Ayacucho Quechua, which is mutually intelligible, they form the Southern Quechua language.
Casiodoro de Reina or de Reyna was a Spanish theologian who translated the Bible into Spanish.
Kichwa is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (Inga), as well as extensions into Peru. It has an estimated half million speakers.
João Ferreira Annes d'Almeida (1628–1691) was a Portuguese Protestant pastor and translator, best known for his translation of the Bible into Portuguese now known by his name.
Southern Quechua, or simply Quechua, is the most widely spoken of the major regional groupings of mutually intelligible dialects within the Quechua language family, with about 6.9 million speakers. Besides Guaraní it is the only indigenous language of America with more than 5 million speakers. The term Southern Quechua refers to the Quechuan varieties spoken in regions of the Andes south of a line roughly east–west between the cities of Huancayo and Huancavelica in central Peru. It includes the Quechua varieties spoken in the regions of Ayacucho, Cusco and Puno in Peru, in much of Bolivia and parts of north-west Argentina. The most widely spoken varieties are Cusco, Ayacucho, Puno (Collao), and South Bolivian.
Alfredo Augusto Torero Fernández de Córdova was a Peruvian anthropologist and linguist.
Several Spanish translations of the Bible have been made since approximately 700 years ago.
Arabela is a nearly extinct indigenous American language of the Zaparoan family spoken in two Peruvian villages in tropical forest along the Napo tributary of the Arabela river.
Juan de Espinosa Medrano, known in history as Lunarejo, was an Indigenous cleric, sacred preacher, writer, playwright, theologian, archdeacon and polymath from the Viceroyalty of Peru. He is the most prominent figure of the Literary Baroque of Peru and one of the most important intellectuals from Colonial Spanish America.
The first complete Catalan Bible translation was produced by the Catholic Church, between 1287 and 1290. It was entrusted to Jaume de Montjuich by Alfonso II of Aragon. Remains of this version can be found in Paris.
Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua is a branch of Quechua spoken in northern Peru, consisting primarily of Cajamarca Quechua, and Lambayeque Quechua, near the towns of Cajamarca and Cañaris in the Cajamarca and Lambayeque regions. Cajamarca and Lambayeque Quechua have 94% lexical similarity and are mutually intelligible. Adelaar (2004) includes the dialect of Lincha District, far to the south on the border of the Lima and Huancavelica regions.
Amazonian Kichwas are a grouping of indigenous Kichwa peoples in the Ecuadorian Amazon, with minor groups across the borders of Colombia and Peru. Amazonian Kichwas consists of different ethnic peoples, including Napo Kichwa and Canelos Kichwa. There are approximately 419 organized communities of the Amazonian Kichwas. The basic socio-political unit is the ayllu. The ayllus in turn constitute territorial clans, based on common ancestry. Unlike other subgroups, the Napo Kichwa maintain less ethnic duality of acculturated natives or Christians.
Classical Quechua or lengua general del inga is either of two historical forms of Quechua, the exact relationship and degree of closeness between which is controversial, and which have sometimes been identified with each other. These are:
Huallaga Quechua is a dialect within the Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga dialect cluster of the Quechua languages. The dialect is spoken in the Central Huánuco region of Perú, primarily in the Huánuco Province districts of Huánuco, Churubamba, Santa María del Valle, San Francisco de Cayrán, and Conchamarca.
Elsa Támez is a Mexican liberation theologian and biblical scholar. Her writings on feminist theology and contextual biblical criticisms brought new perspectives to these fields of study, laying the foundation for later scholars. Her books include Bible of the Oppressed, The Amnesty of Grace, and Struggles for Power in Early Christianity: A Study of the First Letter of Timothy (2007). She is Professor Emerita at the Universidad Biblica Latinamericana in Costa Rica. She was appointed president of Universidad Biblica Latinamericana in 1995, becoming their first woman president.
The Kichwa-Lamista or Lamistas are an indigenous people of Peru. They live in the city of Lamas and its associated agricultural communities in the San Martin Region, especially in the Province of Lamas. They speak the Kichwa language and have a traditional culture which combines elements of Amazonian, Andean and European origin. The Peruvian government designates all speakers of Kichwa resident in San Martin Department as "Lamistas", but they themselves differentiate between the people of Lamas, Sisa and the Huallaga River.