Bifidobacterium bifidum

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Bifidobacterium bifidum
Bifidobacterium bifidum CDC 20527.jpg
Close view of Petri dish culture plate containing brain heart infusion (BHI) agar growth medium, inoculated with Bifidobacterium bifidum which, after a 42–72hr incubation period, has developed dewdrop-type bacterial colonies
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Bifidobacteriales
Family: Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus: Bifidobacterium
Species:
B. bifidum
Binomial name
Bifidobacterium bifidum
(Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980) [1]
Synonyms [2] [1]

Bifidobacterium bifidum is a bacterial species of the genus Bifidobacterium . B. bifidum is one of the most common probiotic bacteria that can be found in the body of mammals, including humans.

Contents

Structure and characteristics

B. bifidum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that is neither motile nor spore-forming. [3] The bacterium is rod-shaped and can be found living in clusters, pairs, or even independently. The majority of the population of B. bifidum is found in the colon, lower small intestine, breast milk, and often in the vagina. [4]

B. bifidum (along with B. longum and B. breve) dominates in breastfed infants. With age, this composition alters in favor of other bifidobacteria species, and the total bifidobacteria population declines to lower but relatively stable levels. [5]

B. bifidum is an essential bacteria found in the human intestine. When it is low or absent all together in the human intestine, it is an indication of being in an unhealthy state. Intestinal flora can be improved if someone takes oral B. bifidum. Also, oral B. bifidum is used for other things such as therapy for enteric and hepatic disorders, for activating the immune response, and for preventing some cancers. [6]

Benefits

Various strains of B. bifidum have been shown to confer significant health benefits to their human host. [7]

Additionally, B. bifidum demonstrates strong adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, a critical feature for its persistence in the gastrointestinal tract and its ability to provide health-promoting effects. This species also plays an essential role in establishing a balanced intestinal microbiota in newborns, working alongside B. breve and B. longum subsp. infantis. [8]

Health concerns

The manipulation of the gut flora is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. [9] Although probiotics, in general, are considered safe, there are concerns about their use in certain cases. [9] [10] Some people, such as those with compromised immune systems, short bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, heart valve disease and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events. [11] Rarely, consumption of probiotics may cause bacteremia, and sepsis, potentially fatal infections in children with lowered immune systems or who are already critically ill. [12]

Maternal inheritance and persistence in gut microbiota

B. bifidum is among the first microbial colonizers of the infant gut, introduced through maternal transmission during birth and breastfeeding. This vertical transmission process facilitates the establishment of B. bifidum and other bifidobacteria, which are commonly found in both the mother's gut and milk. [13] Studies using metagenomics and profiling techniques have identified specific strains of B. bifidum shared between mothers and infants, persisting in the infant gut for up to a year. [14] Such maternal inheritance highlights the evolutionary relationship between bifidobacteria and their hosts, with maternal milk serving as a critical vector for colonization. [13] This process can be disrupted under non-natural conditions like cesarean delivery or formula feeding. [7]

Beyond early life, B. bifidum exhibits persistence in the human gut, albeit at lower abundances, throughout life. Its ability to persist is attributed to unique genomic features, including genes for extracellular structures like exopolysaccharides, pili, and enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. [14] These features enable B. bifidum to utilize complex dietary carbohydrates and host-derived glycans, such as mucin and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), providing a competitive advantage for colonization and resilience in the gut environment. Strains capable of metabolizing HMOs and mucin demonstrate higher resilience and are better equipped for long-term colonization, making B. bifidum a crucial contributor to gut health and microbial stability across life stages.

Research on different Bifidobacterium strains

MIMBb75

B. bifidum MIMBb75 is a probiotic strain isolated from a healthy adult. [15] It is recognized for its strong adhesion to intestinal cells and its role in immune system modulation. [16] The strain has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and is available as a pharmaceutical probiotic product in encapsulated form. [17]

BGN4

B. bifidum BGN4 has been used in health products and dairy production since 2000. It offers multiple health benefits, including supporting immune health, reducing IBS symptoms, and aiding in eczema treatment. [18] [19] Research has also suggested anti-cancer properties and interactions with plant-based compounds. Recent genomic studies highlight its potential for broader applications. [20]

PRL2010

B. bifidum PRL2010 is noted for its immune-boosting effects, helping balance inflammation and promoting gut health. [21] It can metabolize complex sugars in the gut, facilitating its colonization of the intestine. This strain also produces pili, which enhance its ability to adhere to intestinal surfaces and inhibit the adhesion of pathogens such as E. coli . [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Probiotic</span> Microorganisms said to provide health benefits when consumed

Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria-host interactions and unwanted side effects in rare cases. There is some evidence that probiotics are beneficial for some conditions, such as helping to ease some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, many claimed health benefits, such as treating eczema, lack substantial scientific support.

<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> Species of bacterium

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, homofermentative, anaerobic microbe first isolated from infant feces in the year 1900. The species is commonly found in humans, specifically the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity as well as some speciality fermented foods such as fermented milk or yogurt, though it is not the most common species for this. The species most readily grows at low pH levels, and has an optimum growth temperature of 37 °C. Certain strains of L. acidophilus show strong probiotic effects, and are commercially used in dairy production. The genome of L. acidophilus has been sequenced.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a widespread member of the genus Lactiplantibacillus and commonly found in many fermented food products as well as anaerobic plant matter. L. plantarum was first isolated from saliva. Based on its ability to temporarily persist in plants, the insect intestine and in the intestinal tract of vertebrate animals, it was designated as a nomadic organism. L. plantarum is Gram positive, bacilli shaped bacterium. L. plantarum cells are rods with rounded ends, straight, generally 0.9–1.2 μm wide and 3–8 μm long, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains. L. plantarum has one of the largest genomes known among the lactic acid bacteria and is a very flexible and versatile species. It is estimated to grow between pH 3.4 and 8.8. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can grow in the temperature range 12 °C to 40 °C. The viable counts of the "L. plantarum" stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) remained high, while a considerable reduction in the counts was observed stored at room temperature.

Prebiotics are compounds in food that foster growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The most common environment concerning their effects on human health is the gastrointestinal tract, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gut microbiota</span> Community of microorganisms in the gut

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including effects on colonization, resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, controlling immune function, and even behavior through the gut–brain axis.

<i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> Species of bacterium

Bifidobacterium animalis is a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the Bifidobacterium genus which can be found in the large intestines of most mammals, including humans.

A bifidus factor is a compound that specifically enhances the growth of bifidobacteria in either a product or in the intestines of humans and/or animals. Several products have been marketed as bifidogenic factors, such as several prebiotics and methyl-N-acetyl D-glucosamine in human milk.

Dysbiosis is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota, changes in their functional composition and metabolic activities, or a shift in their local distribution. For example, a part of the human microbiota such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginal flora, can become deranged (unbalanced), when normally dominating species become underrepresented and species that normally are outcompeted or contained increase to fill the void. Similar to the human gut microbiome, diverse microbes colonize the plant rhizosphere, and dysbiosis in the rhizosphere, can negatively impact plant health. Dysbiosis is most commonly reported as a condition in the gastrointestinal tract or plant rhizosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galactooligosaccharide</span> Class of prebiotics

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), also known as oligogalactosyllactose, oligogalactose, oligolactose or transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS), belong to the group of prebiotics. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. GOS occurs in commercially available products such as food for both infants and adults.

A prokinetic agent is a type of drug which enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency or strength of contractions, but without disrupting their rhythm. They are used to treat certain gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal discomfort, bloating, constipation, heart burn, nausea, and vomiting; and certain gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis, and functional dyspepsia.

<i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> Species of bacterium

Bifidobacterium longum is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped bacterium present in the human gastrointestinal tract and one of the 32 species that belong to the genus Bifidobacterium. It is a microaerotolerant anaerobe and considered to be one of the earliest colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract of infants. When grown on general anaerobic medium, B. longum forms white, glossy colonies with a convex shape. B. longum is one of the most common bifidobacteria present in the gastrointestinal tracts of both children and adults. B. longum is non-pathogenic, is often added to food products, and its production of lactic acid is believed to prevent growth of pathogenic organisms.

<i>Bifidobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract though strains have been isolated from the vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.

<i>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei</i> Species of bacterium

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (commonly abbreviated as Lc. paracasei) is a gram-positive, homofermentative species of lactic acid bacteria that are commonly used in dairy product fermentation and as probiotic cultures. Lc. paracasei is a bacterium that operates by commensalism. It is commonly found in many human habitats such as human intestinal tracts and mouths as well as sewages, silages, and previously mentioned dairy products. The name includes morphology, a rod-shaped bacterium with a width of 2.0 to 4.0μm and length of 0.8 to 1.0μm.

<i>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</i> GLB44 Subspecies of bacterium

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is a bacterial subspecies traditionally isolated from European yogurts. Lactobacillus bulgaricusGLB44 differs from other L. bulgaricus strains, because it was isolated from the leaves of Galanthus nivalis in Bulgaria.

Bifidobacterium asteroides is a gram-positive, rod-shaped species of bacteria. Various strains of this species have been isolated from the hindguts of honey bees. Prior to 1969, this species was referred to as strains of Bacillus constellatus.

Bifidobacterium breve is a bacterial species of the genus Bifidobacterium which has probiotic properties. Bifidobacteria are a type of bacteria that live symbiotically in the intestines of humans. They have been used to treat a number of conditions including constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome and even the cold and flu. Some of these uses have been backed up by scientific research, but others have not. B. breve is a gram positive, anaerobic, rod shaped organism that is non motile and forms branches with its neighbors.

Proteobiotics are natural metabolites which are produced by fermentation process of specific probiotic strains. These small oligopeptides were originally discovered in and isolated from culture media used to grow probiotic bacteria and may account for some of the health benefits of probiotics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human milk microbiome</span> Community of microorganisms in human milk

The human milk microbiota, also known as human milk probiotics (HMP), encompasses the microbiota–the community of microorganisms–present within the human mammary glands and breast milk. Contrary to the traditional belief that human breast milk is sterile, advancements in both microbial culture and culture-independent methods have confirmed that human milk harbors diverse communities of bacteria. These communities are distinct in composition from other microbial populations found within the human body which constitute the human microbiome.

Lacto-<i>N</i>-tetraose Chemical compound

Lacto-N-tetraose is a complex sugar found in human milk. It is one of the few characterized human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and is enzymatically synthesized from the substrate lactose. It is biologically relevant in the early development of the infant gut flora.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis is an anaerobic species of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other primates. It is one of the most abundant and prevalent Bifidobacterium species detected in human populations, especially in adults.

References

  1. 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Bifidobacterium". LPSN .
  2. ↑ "Bifidobacterium bifidum". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  3. ↑ Hoover, D. G. (2014-01-01), "Bifidobacterium", in Batt, Carl A.; Tortorello, Mary Lou (eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 216–222, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384730-0.00033-1, ISBN   978-0-12-384733-1 , retrieved 2022-01-05
  4. ↑ Palmer, Chana; Bik, Elisabeth M; DiGiulio, Daniel B; Relman, David A; Brown, Patrick O (26 June 2007). "Development of the Human Infant Intestinal Microbiota". PLOS Biology. 5 (7): e177. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050177 . PMC   1896187 . PMID   17594176.
  5. ↑ Arboleya, Silvia; Watkins, Claire; Stanton, Catherine; Ross, R. Paul (2016-08-19). "Gut Bifidobacteria Populations in Human Health and Aging". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 1204. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01204 . ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   4990546 . PMID   27594848.
  6. ↑ Mitsuoka, Tomotari (December 1990). "Bifidobacteria and their role in human health". Journal of Industrial Microbiology. 6 (4): 263–267. doi: 10.1007/BF01575871 . S2CID   42494430.
  7. 1 2 Turroni, Francesca; Duranti, Sabrina; Bottacini, Francesca; Guglielmetti, Simone; Van Sinderen, Douwe; Ventura, Marco (2014-08-21). "Bifidobacterium bifidum as an example of a specialized human gut commensal". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00437 . ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   4140077 . PMID   25191315.
  8. ↑ Turroni, Francesca; Peano, Clelia; Pass, Daniel A.; Foroni, Elena; Severgnini, Marco; Claesson, Marcus J.; Kerr, Colm; Hourihane, Jonathan; Murray, Deirdre; Fuligni, Fabio; Gueimonde, Miguel; Margolles, Abelardo; Bellis, Gianluca De; O’Toole, Paul W.; Sinderen, Douwe van (2012-05-11). "Diversity of Bifidobacteria within the Infant Gut Microbiota". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36957. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736957T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036957 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3350489 . PMID   22606315.
  9. 1 2 Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF (2016). "Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new". World J Gastroenterol (Review). 22 (7): 2179–94. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179 . PMC   4734995 . PMID   26900283.
  10. ↑ Boyle, Robert J; Robins-Browne, Roy M; Tang, Mimi LK (1 June 2006). "Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks?". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 (6): 1256–1264. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256 . PMID   16762934.
  11. ↑ Doron, Shira; Snydman, David R. (15 May 2015). "Risk and Safety of Probiotics". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 60 (suppl_2): S129–S134. doi:10.1093/cid/civ085. PMC   4490230 . PMID   25922398.
  12. ↑ Singhi, Sunit C.; Kumar, Suresh (29 March 2016). "Probiotics in critically ill children". F1000Research. 5: 407. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7630.1 . PMC   4813632 . PMID   27081478.
  13. 1 2 Turroni, Francesca; Duranti, Sabrina; Milani, Christian; Lugli, Gabriele Andrea; van Sinderen, Douwe; Ventura, Marco (November 2019). "Bifidobacterium bifidum: A Key Member of the Early Human Gut Microbiota". Microorganisms. 7 (11): 544. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7110544 . ISSN   2076-2607. PMC   6920858 . PMID   31717486.
  14. 1 2 Tarracchini, Chiara; Alessandri, Giulia; Fontana, Federico; Rizzo, Sonia Mirjam; Lugli, Gabriele Andrea; Bianchi, Massimiliano Giovanni; Mancabelli, Leonardo; Longhi, Giulia; Argentini, Chiara; Vergna, Laura Maria; Anzalone, Rosaria; Viappiani, Alice; Turroni, Francesca; Taurino, Giuseppe; Chiu, Martina (2023-07-14). "Genetic strategies for sex-biased persistence of gut microbes across human life". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 4220. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39931-2. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   10349097 . PMID   37452041.
  15. ↑ Guglielmetti, Simone; Tamagnini, Isabella; Mora, Diego; Minuzzo, Mario; Scarafoni, Alessio; Arioli, Stefania; Hellman, Jukka; Karp, Matti; Parini, Carlo (August 2008). "Implication of an Outer Surface Lipoprotein in Adhesion of Bifidobacterium bifidum to Caco-2 Cells". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (15): 4695–4702. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74.4695G. doi:10.1128/AEM.00124-08. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   2519326 . PMID   18539800.
  16. ↑ Guglielmetti, Simone; Tamagnini, Isabella; Minuzzo, Mario; Arioli, Stefania; Parini, Carlo; Comelli, Elena; Mora, Diego (2009-08-01). "Study of the Adhesion of Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 to Human Intestinal Cell Lines". Current Microbiology. 59 (2): 167–172. doi:10.1007/s00284-009-9415-x. ISSN   1432-0991. PMID   19452211.
  17. ↑ Guglielmetti, S.; Mora, D.; Gschwender, M.; Popp, K. (May 2011). "Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life -- a double-blind, placebo-controlled study: Randomised clinical trial: B. bifidum MIMBb75 in IBS". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 33 (10): 1123–1132. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04633.x.
  18. ↑ Hong, Kyoung Sup; Kang, Hyoun Woo; Im, Jong Pil; Ji, Geun Eog; Kim, Sang Gyun; Jung, Hyun Chae; Song, In Sung; Kim, Joo Sung (2009-06-30). "Effect of Probiotics on Symptoms in Korean Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome". Gut and Liver. 3 (2): 101–107. doi:10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.101. ISSN   1976-2283. PMC   2852694 . PMID   20431731.
  19. ↑ Ku, Seockmo; Park, Myeong Soo; Ji, Geun Eog; You, Hyun Ju (September 2016). "Review on Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4: Functionality and Nutraceutical Applications as a Probiotic Microorganism". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (9): 1544. doi: 10.3390/ijms17091544 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   5037818 . PMID   27649150.
  20. ↑ You, Hyun Ju; Oh, Deok-Kun; Ji, Geun Eog (November 2004). "Anticancerogenic effect of a novel chiroinositol-containing polysaccharide fromBifidobacterium bifidumBGN4". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 240 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.020. ISSN   0378-1097.
  21. ↑ Turroni, Francesca; Taverniti, Valentina; Ruas-Madiedo, Patricia; Duranti, Sabrina; Guglielmetti, Simone; Lugli, Gabriele Andrea; Gioiosa, Laura; Palanza, Paola; Margolles, Abelardo; van Sinderen, Douwe; Ventura, Marco (2014-01-15). "Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010 Modulates the Host Innate Immune Response". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (2): 730–740. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80..730T. doi:10.1128/AEM.03313-13. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   3911076 . PMID   24242237.
  22. ↑ Turroni, Francesca; Serafini, Fausta; Foroni, Elena; Duranti, Sabrina; O’Connell Motherway, Mary; Taverniti, Valentina; Mangifesta, Marta; Milani, Christian; Viappiani, Alice; Roversi, Tommaso; Sánchez, Borja; Santoni, Andrea; Gioiosa, Laura; Ferrarini, Alberto; Delledonne, Massimo (2013-07-02). "Role of sortase-dependent pili of Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010 in modulating bacterium–host interactions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (27): 11151–11156. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11011151T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303897110 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   3703987 . PMID   23776216.
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