Bondarzewia berkeleyi

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Bondarzewia berkeleyi
Bondarzewia berkeleyi.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Bondarzewiaceae
Genus: Bondarzewia
Species:
B. berkeleyi
Binomial name
Bondarzewia berkeleyi
(Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer (1941)
Synonyms
  • Polyporus berkeleyiFr. (1851)

Bondarzewia berkeleyi, commonly known as Berkeley's polypore, [1] or stump blossoms, [2] is a species of polypore fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is a parasitic species that causes butt rot in oaks and other hardwood trees. A widespread fungus, it is found in the Old World and North America.

Contents

Taxonomy

Elias Magnus Fries described the species as Polyporus berkeleyi in 1851. It was moved to the genus Bondarzewia in 1941. [3]

Description

The fan- or shelf-shaped caps grow in overlapping clumps from the bases of trees, each growing to 20–50 centimetres (8–19+1⁄2 in) diameter. [4] They are zoned in various shades of white to pale grey, cream, beige or yellow. [4] The pore surface is white, as is the spore print. The round spores are 7–9 by 6–8  μm and have marked amyloid ridges. The tough white flesh can be up to 3 cm (1+1⁄4 in) thick and has a mild taste, becoming bitter with age. [4] The outer edges that cut easily with a knife are quite tender.

Similar species

Potential lookalikes include B. occidentalis , Grifola frondosa , Meripilus sumstinei , and Vanderbylia spp. [4]

Distribution and habitat

The distribution of B. berkeleyi is widespread, occurring in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America east of the Great Plains (June–October). [5] [6] [4] While its primary host is oak, it has also been observed on other hardwood species such as maple. [7]

In China it has been recorded from Guangdong and Hunan provinces. [5] [8] The fruit bodies appear over July to October in the United States. [1] A survey of host trees in North Carolina found that it almost always grew on oaks, being recorded from the white oak ( Quercus alba ), scarlet oak ( Q. coccinea ), southern red oak ( Q. falcata ), chestnut oak ( Q. prinus ) and eastern black oak ( Q. velutina ), as well as bird cherry ( Prunus pensylvanica ). [9]

Ecology

Bondarzewia berkeleyi is a parasitic fungus causing butt rot in oaks and other hardwood trees. [10] It causes a white stringy rot in the roots and heartwood of the lower trunk, typically not extending more than 0.9–1.5 m (3–5 ft) upwards. The decay is mainly restricted to the heartwood, and external symptoms might include excessive tapering or flaring at the base of the trunk, cracks, seams, and sap flow. The fungus is known for its rapid growth rate compared to other wood-rotting fungi common on oaks. [11]

While primarily a parasite, B. berkeleyi can also act as a saprophyte, thriving on dead hardwood trees or stumps. The fruiting bodies typically appear on infected trees in summer and fall. [10]

Edibility

B. berkeleyi is typically considered edible when young and tender, the palatability decreases with age as the flesh becomes tough and bitter. [6] Some sources compare the texture to shoe leather when older, [10] [10] while others suggest that the softer outer edges of young specimens can be consumed. [12] Some field guides list the species as inedible or warn that it may cause gastrointestinal upset or allergic reactions in some individuals. [13] [14]

It may be able to be used to strengthen other flavors in dishes, much like tofu. It can also reportedly be used as a meat substitute. [15] Preparation methods often involve parboiling or blanching to remove bitterness, followed by slicing and incorporating into stir-fries or other dishes.

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Rhodofomes cajanderi</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Irpex lacteus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Daedaleopsis confragosa</i> Species of fungus

Daedaleopsis confragosa, commonly known as the thin walled maze polypore or the blushing bracket, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes a white rot of injured hardwoods, especially willows. The fruit bodies are semicircular and tough, have a concentrically zoned brownish upper surface, and measure up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The whitish underside turns gray-brown as the fruit body ages, but bruises pink or red. It is found all year and is common in northern temperate woodlands of eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. The species was first described from Europe in 1791 as a form of Boletus, and has undergone several changes of genus in its taxonomic history. It acquired its current name when Joseph Schröter transferred it to Daedaleopsis in 1888.

<i>Phaeolus schweinitzii</i> Species of fungus

Phaeolus schweinitzii, commonly known as velvet-top fungus, dyer's polypore, dyer's mazegill, or pine dye polypore, is a fungal plant pathogen that causes butt rot on conifers such as Douglas-fir, spruce, fir, hemlock, pine, and larch. P. schweinitzii is a polypore, although unlike bracket fungi the fruiting body may appear terrestrial when growing from the roots or base of the host tree.

<i>Trichaptum biforme</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Tyromyces chioneus</i> Species of fungus

Tyromyces chioneus, commonly known as the white cheese polypore, is a species of polypore fungus. A widely distributed fungus, it has a circumpolar distribution, in temperate boreal pine forests, of Asia, Europe, and North America, causes white rot in dead hardwood trees, especially birch.

<i>Meripilus giganteus</i> Species of fungus

Meripilus giganteus is a polypore fungus in the family Meripilaceae. It causes a white rot in various types of broadleaved trees, particularly beech (Fagus), but also Abies, Picea, Pinus, Quercus and Ulmus species. This bracket fungus, commonly known as the giant polypore or black-staining polypore, is often found in large clumps at the base of trees, although fruiting bodies are sometimes found some distance away from the trunk, parasitizing the roots. M. giganteus has a circumboreal distribution in the northern Hemisphere, and is widely distributed in Europe. In the field, it is recognizable by the large, multi-capped fruiting body, as well as its pore surface that quickly darkens black when bruised or injured.

<i>Phellinus igniarius</i> Species of fungus

Phellinus igniarius, commonly known as the willow bracket, fire sponge,false tinder polypore, punk ash polypore, or false tinder conk, is a fungus of the family Hymenochaetaceae. Like other members of the genus of Phellinus, it lives by saprotrophic nutrition, in which the lignin and cellulose of a host tree is degraded and is a cause of white rot.

<i>Fomitopsis quercina</i> Species of fungus

Fomitopsis quercina is a species of mushroom in the order Polyporales. Commonly known as the thick-walled maze polypore, maze-gill fungusoak-loving maze polypore, or oak mazegill, the specific epithet refers to the oak genus Quercus, upon which it frequently grows, causing a brown rot. It is found in Europe, Asia, Northern Africa and Australasia. Though inedible, it can be used as a natural comb and has been the subject of chemical research.

<i>Neofavolus alveolaris</i> Species of fungus

Neofavolus alveolaris, commonly known as the hexagonal-pored polypore, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of dead hardwoods. Found on sticks and decaying logs, its distinguishing features are its yellowish to orange scaly cap, and the hexagonal or diamond-shaped pores. It is widely distributed in North America, and also found in Asia, Australia, and Europe.

<i>Grifola frondosa</i> Species of fungus

Grifola frondosa is a polypore mushroom that grows at the base of trees, particularly old growth oaks or maples. It is typically found in late summer to early autumn. It is native to China, Europe, and North America.

<i>Crepidotus mollis</i> Species of mushroom

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<i>Inonotus dryadeus</i> Bracket fungus that attacks oak trees

Inonotus dryadeus, commonly known as oak bracket, warted oak polypore, weeping polypore or weeping conk, is an inedible species of fungus belonging to the genus Inonotus, which consists of bracket fungi with fibrous flesh. Most often found growing at the base of oak trees, it causes white rot and decay of the trunks. It secretes an amber liquid which weeps from tubes in its upper surface.

<i>Picipes badius</i> Species of fungus

Picipes badius, commonly known as the black-footed polypore or black-leg, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of hardwoods and conifers. The species is found in temperate areas of Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. It has a dark brown or reddish-brown cap that reaches a diameter of 25 cm (9.8 in), and a stipe that is often completely black or brown at the top and black at the base.

<i>Phlebia radiata</i> Species of fungus

Phlebia radiata, commonly known as the wrinkled crust, is a common species of crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. It grows as a wrinkled, orange to pinkish waxy crust on the decaying wood of coniferous and deciduous trees, in which it causes a white rot. The fungus was first described scientifically in 1821 by Elias Magnus Fries.

<i>Bondarzewia mesenterica</i> Species of fungus

Bondarzewia mesenterica is a species of polypore fungus in the family Bondarzewiaceae. It was first described as Boletus mesentericus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774. Hanns Kreisel transferred it to the genus Bondarzewia in 1984. The species is edible.

References

  1. 1 2 Bessette A. (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse University Press. p. 250. ISBN   978-0-8156-3112-5.
  2. ↑ Roody WC (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 348. ISBN   0-8131-9039-8.
  3. ↑ Bondartsev A, Singer R (1941). "Zur Systematik der Polyporaceae". Annales Mycologici. 39 (1): 43–65.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 164. ISBN   978-0-593-31998-7.
  5. 1 2 Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 153.
  6. 1 2 Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 297. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  7. ↑ Gramss, G. (January 1987). "R. L. Gilbertson and L. Ryvarden, North American Polypores. Volume 1: Abortiporus — Lindtneria. 433 S., 209 Abb. Oslo 1986. Fungiflora A/S". Journal of Basic Microbiology. 27 (5): 282. doi:10.1002/jobm.3620270513. ISSN   0233-111X.
  8. ↑ Dai YC, Härkönen M, Niemelä T (2003). "Wood-inhabiting fungi in southern China 1. Polypores from Hunan Province" (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici: 81–93.
  9. ↑ Grand LF, Vernia CS (2007). "Biogeography and hosts of period wood decay fungi in North Carolina: Species of Abortiporus, Bondarzewia, Grifola, Heterobasidion, Laetiporus, and Meripilus" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 99: 99–102.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Kuo M, Methven A (2010). 100 Cool Mushrooms. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 33. ISBN   978-0-472-03417-8.
  11. ↑ nbrazee (2020-01-22). "Root and Butt Rot caused by Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Berkeley's Polypore)". Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  12. ↑ "Berkeley's Polypore". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  13. ↑ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-0-89815-170-1.
  14. ↑ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 420. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  15. ↑ Brill S. (2010). The Wild Vegan Cookbook: A Forager's Culinary Guide (in the Field Or in the Supermarket) to Preparing and Savoring Wild (and Not So Wild) Natural Foods. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 199. ISBN   9781558327214.
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