The Bonneville cisco was first described by John Otterbein Snyder in the early 1900s.[4] The species name gemmifer is Latin for bearing or producing gems, and is likely a reference to the pearlytubercles that appear on this species when in spawning condition.[5]
Description
The mouth of the Bonneville cisco is terminal, with the lower jaw slightly extending past the upper jaw.[6] The caudal fin is deeply forked. Normally, the scales of Bonneville cisco are light silver but may become golden, brassy, or yellow during spawning. The Bonneville cisco is generally less than 7.5in (190mm) in total length but has been reported up to 8.6in (220mm).[6][7]Age estimation suggests that Bonneville cisco achieve maximum growth in the first two years of their life and can live over five years.[6][8]
A Bonneville cisco caught at Bear Lake in February 2019.
Distribution and habitat
The Bonneville cisco is only found in Bear Lake along the northern Utah-southern Idaho border. Bones of Bonneville cisco have also been identified in Homestead Cave, Utah where ancient Lake Bonneville once existed.[9] Fishery managers attempted to introduce Bonneville cisco into Flaming Gorge Reservoir to provide additional forage to other gamefish, but stocking was unsuccessful at establishing a population.[8] Within Bear Lake, Bonneville cisco can be found at all depths but show preference for cold water, specifically water below 59°F (15°C).[6]
Spawning generally occurs when water temperatures are between 36–39°F (2–4°C) in early to mid-January.[6] During this time, Bonneville cisco form large schools over rocky substrate, predominantly in 2–5ft (0.61–1.52m) of water. Bonneville cisco are broadcast spawners and provide no parental care for young.
Management
Currently, Bonneville cisco are considered a Wildlife Species of Concern by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources and Vulnerable (G3) by NatureServe, mostly due to their limited distribution.[1][10] Despite this ranking, the Bonneville cisco is locally abundant and can be legally harvested. Harvest generally occurs during winter while Bonneville cisco are spawning in shallow and easily accessible areas. The spawning run coincides with annual festivities inside Garden City and the Bear Lake lakeshore, with one such event dubbed the "Cisco Disco".[3] Additionally, Bonneville cisco are important forage for lake trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Bonneville cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus virginalis utah).[11][12] Some anglers capture and freeze Bonneville cisco to use as bait to catch these predatory fish.
References
1 2 NatureServe (4 August 2023). "Prosopium gemmifer". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Sigler; Miller (1963). Fishes of Utah. Utah State Department of Fish and Game. p.203.
↑ Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M., eds. (2011). Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico (2ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN978-0-547-24206-4.
1 2 3 Sigler, W. F.; Sigler, J.W. (2016). Fishes of the Great Basin: a natural history. University of Nevada Press.
↑ Broughton, J. M. (2000). "Terminal Pleistocene fish remains from Homestead Cave, Utah, and implications for fish biogeography in the Bonneville Basin". Copeia. 2000 (3): 645–656. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0645:TPFRFH]2.0.CO;2.
↑ Tolentino SA (2008). Bear Lake biological report for calendar year 2007 (Technical report). Salt Lake City: Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources. Publication 08-58.
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