Boomerang (roller coaster)

Last updated

Boomerang
Vekomaboomerang.jpg
Boomerang at Wild Adventures
StatusIn production
First manufactured1984
No. of installations55
Manufacturer Vekoma
Height35.51 m (116.5 ft)
Length285 m (935 ft)
Speed47 mph (76 km/h)
G force 5.2
Capacity760 riders per hour
DurationAbout 1 min 48 sec
Restraint StyleOver-the-shoulder
Inversions6 [3 on track, but each run traverses the track twice]
Boomerang at RCDB

Boomerang is a model of roller coaster manufactured and designed by Vekoma, a Dutch manufacturer. The roller coaster model name is from the hunting implement based on the traditions of the Indigenous Australians. As of January 2023, there are 55 Boomerangs operating around the world.

Contents

The roller coaster model was created in the early 1980s and was first introduced at four different parks around the world in 1984.

Design and ride experience

Boomerang's layout design Boomerang roller coaster.svg
Boomerang's layout design

The Boomerang consists of a single train with seven cars, capable of carrying 28 passengers. The ride begins when the train is pulled backwards from the station and up the first lift hill by a catchcar. After being released, the train passes through the station, enters a Cobra roll element (referred to as a boomerang by the designers) and then travels through a vertical loop. After being pulled up a second lift hill, the train is released to head backwards through each inversion once more, making the total number of inversions per ride six. The train slows down as it passes through the station backwards and then comes to a complete stop in the station. This coaster model is popular among many amusement parks in the United States, but it has appeared at amusement parks around the world.

Boomerang coasters have occasionally stalled, often in the Cobra Roll element. As a precaution, many Boomerang coasters are built with an access platform just under the Cobra Roll/Boomerang element.

During the reverse cycle, riders experience a g force of up to 5.2 when the train re-enters the vertical loop at 47 miles per hour (76 km/h). In back row of the train –the first to enter the loop –this represents one of the most forceful moments seen in steel rollercoaster design.

Variant designs

There are three main design variants based on the Boomerang layout, all of which are produced by Vekoma.

Stinger when it was known as Invertigo at California's Great America Invertigo At Great America.jpg
Stinger when it was known as Invertigo at California's Great America

Invertigo

The first variant of the Boomerang is the Invertigo. While retaining the same layout as the Boomerang, the Invertigo has inverted track, turning it into an inverted roller coaster. Each car has two rows of seats that are back-to-back, so the riders in the back row of each car would be facing those in the front of the trailing car. The first Invertigo, HangOver at Liseberg in Gothenburg, Sweden was supposed to open in 1996 with a new linear induction motor (LIM) or LSM lift. However, development problems delayed the ride's opening to 1997, and the design was remade to include a traditional chain lift like the original Boomerang. Only four Invertigo models were ever built.

Giant Inverted Boomerang

Stunt Fall at Parque Warner Madrid is one of five Giant Inverted Boomerangs built Stuntfall.jpg
Stunt Fall at Parque Warner Madrid is one of five Giant Inverted Boomerangs built

The second design is known as both the Giant Inverted Boomerang and the Super Invertigo. While maintaining a similar layout to the Boomerang, the track is again inverted and the size of the ride is increased. The track is 270 feet (82 m) longer, the two lift hills are almost 80 feet (24 m) taller and both hills are vertical. As of 2022, four Giant Inverted Boomerangs operate and one was under construction.

Family Boomerang

In late 2010, Vekoma announced that they would be manufacturing a family-friendly model of the Boomerang. The prototype opened at Drayton Manor Theme Park, as "Ben 10 –Ultimate Mission", in April 2011; it was later renamed to Accelerator. [1] Another model debuted on 17 May 2016 as “Velociraptor”, in the ‘Lost Kingdom’ themed area of Paultons Park. [2] Unlike the other Boomerang roller coasters, a Family Boomerang does not feature inversions, but it still retains a similar shuttle design. The ride features the two signature end-spikes on (more or less) a figure-8 track layout. Phantasialand added the world's largest family boomerang, “Raik”, in 2016. This debuted in the new themed area of ‘Klugheim’, accompanying the adjacent Taron (an Intamin Blitz coaster). [3]

Super Boomerang

In 2023, a new variant of the Boomerang model opened in Fantawild Wonderland in China. [4] This version uses a launch system rather than a catch car lift hill and has a longer layout and fewer inversions than the normal boomerang and is more similar to rides such as Mr. Freeze and the now defunct Batman & Robin: The Chiller, though it has a swing launch rather than a stationary launch. [5]

Layouts

Layouts of the different variations
Boomerang roller coaster.svg
Boomerang
Vekoma Invertigo layout.png
Invertigo
Giant Inverted Boomerang.png
Giant Inverted Boomerang

Ride locations

Coaster nameAmusement parkVariantOriginal openingStatus
Accelerator
Formerly Ben 10 - Ultimate Mission		 Drayton Manor Theme Park Family Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2011Operating [6]
Aftershock
Formerly Déjà Vu		 Silverwood Theme Park
Six Flags Great America 		Giant Inverted Boomerang2008
2001		Operating
Closed 2007		 [7]
[8]
Anaconda Luna Park, Tel Aviv Boomerang2000Operating [9]
The Bat Canada's Wonderland Boomerang1987Operating [10]
Boomerang Bellewaerde Boomerang1984Operating [11]
Boomerang Elitch Gardens Theme Park Boomerang1999Operating [12]
Boomerang Energylandia Family Boomerang Rebound2017Operating [13]
BoomerangE-WorldBoomerang1995Operating [14]
Boomerang Freizeit-Land Geiselwind Boomerang2000Operating [15]
Boomerang Fantasilandia Boomerang1996Operating [16]
BoomerangGero LandBoomerang1997Operating [17]
Boomerang La Ronde Boomerang1984Operating [18]
Boomerang Parc des Combes Family Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2011Operating [19]
BúmeranParque Diversiones Costa RicaBoomerang2012Operating [20]
Boomerang Parque de la Costa Boomerang1998Operating [21]
Boomerang Siam Park City
Jerudong Park Playground		Boomerang2007
1996		Operating
Closed 2006		 [22]
[23]
Boomerang Six Flags Fiesta Texas Boomerang1999Operating [24]
Boomerang Six Flags Mexico
Rafaela Padilla		Boomerang1987
1984		Operating
Closed 1986		 [25]
[26]
Boomerang
Formerly Flashback		 Six Flags St. Louis
Six Flags Over Texas 		Boomerang2013
1989		Operating
Closed 2012		 [27]
[28]
BoomerangTrans Studio Bali, Indonesia
Pleasure Island Family Theme Park 		Boomerang2019
1993		Operating
Closed 2016		 [29]
[30]
Boomerang Walygator Sud-Ouest
Zygo Park		Boomerang1992
1987		Operating [31]
[32]
Boomerang Wiener Prater Boomerang1992Operating [33]
Boomerang Wild Adventures Boomerang1998Operating [34]
Boomerang Worlds of Fun Boomerang2000Operating [35]
BoomerangFamily Fun
Tivoli Karolinelund		Boomerang2015
2005		Operating
Closed 2010		 [36]
[37]
Boomerang (飞旋过山车)Wuhan Zhongshan ParkBoomerang2017Operating [38]
Boomerang Yerevan Park Family Boomerang Rebound2021Operating [39]
Boomerang: Coast to Coaster Six Flags Darien Lake Boomerang1998Operating [40]
Boomerang: Coast to Coaster Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Boomerang1998Operating [41]
Boomerang Hyper Coaster
Formerly Boomerang		Trans Studio Cibubur, Indonesia
Knott's Berry Farm 		Boomerang2019
1990		Operating
Closed 2017 [42] 		[43]
Boomerang Roller CoasterAmrapali FunlandFamily Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2014Operating [44]
Boomerang-Roller Coaster Al-Shallal Theme Park Boomerang2004Operating [45]
Búmeran
Formerly Boomerang		Parque Diversiones
Playcenter São Paulo		Boomerang2012
1997		Operating
Closed 2012		 [20]
[46]
BumerangTashkentlandBoomerang1995Operating [47]
Cobra PowerPark Boomerang2005Operating [48]
Cobra Walibi Belgium Boomerang2001Operating [49]
Cloud ShuttleFantawild Wonderland TongshanSuper Boomerang2023Operating [4]
Diabolik
Formerly Two-Face: The Flip Side		Movieland Park
Six Flags America 		Invertigo2015
1999		Operating
Closed 2007		 [50]
Family Coaster (合家欢过山车) Happy Valley Family Boomerang2017Operating [51]
FamilyBoomerang RollerCoaster Happy Valley Boomerang2020Operating [52]
Fireball Furuvik Family Boomerang2017Operating [53] [54]
Flashback
Formerly Vampire
Formerly Boomerang		 Six Flags New England
Kentucky Kingdom
Nanhu Amusement Park		Boomerang2000
1990
1985		Operating
Closed 1999
Closed late 1980s–early 1990s		 [55]
[56]
[57]
Flashback
Formerly Boomerang: Coast to Coaster		 Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor Boomerang1997Operating [58]
The Flying Cobras
Formerly Carolina Cobra
Formerly Head Spin/Mind Eraser		 Carowinds
Geauga Lake 		Boomerang2009
1996		Operating
Closed 2007		 [59]
[60]
Frontline Charge (火线 追击) Fanta Park Glorious Orient Ningbo Family Boomerang Rebound2021Operating [61]
Frontline Charge (火线 追击) Fanta Park Glorious Orient Ganzhou Family Boomerang Rebound2021Operating [62]
Generator Walibi Rhône-Alpes Boomerang1988Operating [63]
Giant Inverted Boomerang (巅峰一号) Jin Jiang Action Park Giant Inverted Boomerang2011Operating [64]
Goliath
Formerly Déjà Vu		 Six Flags New England
Six Flags Magic Mountain 		Giant Inverted Boomerang2012
2001		Demolished
Closed 2011		 [65]
[66] [67]
Good Gravy! Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Family Boomerang2024Operating [68]
High Speed Round TripBao Son Paradise ParkFamily Boomerang Rebound2019Operating [69]
Invertigo
Formerly Face/Off		 Kings Island Invertigo1999Operating [70]
Jolly Rancher Remix
Formerly Sidewinder		 Hersheypark Boomerang1991Operating [71]
Light Explorers Energylandia Family Boomerang Spirit2021Operating [72]
London Loop Global Village Family Boomerang2017Operating [73]
Luna Liseberg Family Boomerang2023Operating [74]
Pine Tree Rocket (飞跃狗熊岭) Oriental Heritage, Shanxi Family Boomerang Rebound2021Operating [75]
Pine Tree Rocket (飞跃狗熊岭) Fantawild Land Family Boomerang Rebound2021Operating [76]
Quantum LeapSochi ParkGiant Inverted Boomerang2014Operating [77]
Ragin' Cajun
Formerly Boomerang		 Dixie Landing'
Hafan y Môr Holiday Park 		Boomerang2001
1987		Operating
Closed 1998		 [78]
Raik Phantasialand Family Boomerang2016Operating [79] [80]
Recoil
Formerly Thunderbolt		Wonderla Amusement Park Bangalore
Aladdin's Kingdom		Boomerang2016
1994		Operating
Closed 2009		 [81]
[82]
Recoil
Formerly Zoomerang
Formerly Demon
Formerly Titan		Wonderla Amusement Park Hyderabad
Alabama Adventure & Splash Adventure
Wonderland Sydney
World Expo Park 		Boomerang2016
2005
1992
1988		Operating
Closed 2011
Closed 2004
Closed 1988		 [83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
Recoil
Formerly Colossus		Wonderla Amusement Park Kochi
Habtoorland		Boomerang2017
2004		Operating
Closed 2011		 [87]
[88]
Saven Fårup Sommerland Family Boomerang Spirit2020Operating [89]
Sea Serpent Morey's Piers Boomerang1984Operating [90]
Snow Slope Lusail Winter Wonderland Family Boomerang Rebound2022Operating [91]
Space Shuttle Max
Formerly Cobra		 Enchanted Kingdom
West Midland Safari Park		Boomerang1995
1985		Operating
Closed 1991		 [92]
[93]
Spartan Race (Chúa tể đấu trường)
Formerly Flying Dolphin Coaster		 VinWonders Phú Quốc Family Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2015Operating [94]
[95]
Speed of Sound
Formerly La Via Volta		 Walibi Holland Boomerang2000Operating [96]
Stinger
Formerly Invertigo		 Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
California's Great America 		Invertigo2012
1998		Demolished
Closed 2010		 [97] [98] [99]
Stress Express Fantawild Dreamland, Fujian Boomerang2013Operating [100]
Stress Express Fantawild Adventure Boomerang2012Operating [101]
Stress Express Oriental Heritage Jinan Boomerang2015Operating [102]
Stress Express Fantawild Dreamland, Hunan Boomerang2016Operating [103]
Stress Express Oriental Heritage Jiujiang Boomerang2015Operating [104]
Stress Express Oriental Heritage Cixi Boomerang2016Operating [105]
Stress Express Fantawild Asian Legend Boomerang2018Operating [106]
Stress ExpressSilk Road DreamlandBoomerang2019Operating [107]
Stunt Fall Parque Warner Madrid Giant Inverted Boomerang2002Operating [108]
Tidal Wave Trimper's Rides Boomerang1986Operating [109]
Triops
Formerly Tornado
Formerly Unknown
Formerly HangOver		Bagatelle
Sommerland Syd
Allou Fun Park
Liseberg		Invertigo2012
2005
Never opened>
1997		Operating
Closed 2011
Never opened
Closed 2002		 [110]
[111]
[112]
[113]
Turbo Dino (角龙战车) Zigong Fantawild Dinosaur Kingdom Family Boomerang Rebound2022Operating [114]
Tweestryd Wildlands Adventure Zoo Emmen (Double) Family Boomerang2018Operating [115]
Velociraptor Paulton's Park Family Boomerang2016Operating [116]
Volldampf Erlebnispark Tripsdrill Family Boomerang2020Operating [117]
Whirly Roller Coaster
Formerly Boomerang		Floraland Continent Park
Qingdao International Beer City		Boomerang2015
1995		Operating
Closed 2010		 [118]
[119]
Wipeout
Formerly Missile
Formerly Coca-Cola Roller		 Pleasurewood Hills
The American Adventure Theme Park
Glasgow Garden Festival 		Boomerang2007
1989
1988		Operating
Closed 2004
Closed 1988		 [120]
[121]
[122]
Zoomerang Lake Compounce Boomerang1997Operating [15]
The Quest Emerald Park Family Boomerang Spirit2024Operating [123]
Zydeco Scream
Formerly Boomerang		 Six Flags New Orleans
Parc de Montjuic		Boomerang2000
1990		 SBNO Since 2005
Closed 1998		 [124]
Unknown Fantawild, Mudan Family Boomerang Rebound2023Under Construction [125]
Unknown Fantawild, Rencheng Family Boomerang Rebound2023Under Construction [126]
Unknown Fantawild, Liangyuan Family Boomerang Rebound2023Under Construction [127]
Unknown Oriental Heritage, Henan Family Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction [128]
Unknown Oriental Heritage, Jiangxi Family Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction [129]
Unknown Fantawild, Yunnan Family Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction [130]
Unknown Fantawild, Jiangsu Family Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction [131]
Unknown Warner Bros. Movie World (Double) Family Boomerang2024Under Construction [132]
Unknown
Formerly Déjà Vu		 Mirabilandia
Six Flags Over Georgia 		Giant Inverted BoomerangTBD
2001		In Storage
Closed 2007		 [133] [134]
The Flash: Vertical Velocity Six Flags Great Adventure Super Boomerang2025Under Construction [135]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inverted roller coaster</span> Type of roller coaster

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flying roller coaster</span> Type of roller coaster

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shuttle roller coaster</span> Type of roller coaster

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A Giant Inverted Boomerang is a type of steel shuttle roller coaster manufactured by the Dutch firm Vekoma. The ride is a larger, inverted version of Vekoma's popular Boomerang sit down roller coasters. As of November 2024, four installations of the model are operating, with another one under construction.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zamperla</span> Italian-based steel coaster and flat rides manufacturer

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References

  1. ↑ "Drayton Manor - New for 2011". Drayton Manor Theme park Limited. 24 November 2011. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  2. ↑ "Rollercoaster evacuated a week after opening". The Guardian. Press Association. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  3. ↑ Wolber, Marcel; Carey, Kate (7 June 2016). "Phantasialand: Theme park opens new rides in time for summer holidays". General-Anzeiger Bonn (in German). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  4. 1 2 "Cloud Shuttle - Fantawild Wonderland (Tongshan, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China)".
  5. ↑ "Super Boomerang | Vekoma Rides Manufacturing BV".
  6. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Accelerator  (Drayton Manor)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  7. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  8. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Aftershock  (Silverwood Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  9. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Anaconda  (Luna Park Tel Aviv)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  10. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Bat  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  11. ↑ Marden, Duane. " (Bellewaerde Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  12. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Elitch Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  13. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  14. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (E-World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  15. 1 2 Marden, Duane. "Zoomerang  (Lake Compounce)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  16. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Fantasilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  17. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Gero Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  18. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  19. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Parc des Combes)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  20. 1 2 Marden, Duane. "Búmeran  (Parque Diversiones)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  21. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Parque de la Costa)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  22. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Jerudong Park Playground)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  23. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Siam Park City)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  24. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  25. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Six Flags Mexico)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  26. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Rafaela Padilla)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  27. ↑ "Boomerang | New for 2013". Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  28. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  29. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Trans Studio Bali)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  30. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Pleasure Island Family Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  31. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Walygator Sud-Ouest)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  32. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Zygo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  33. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  34. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wild Adventures)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  35. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  36. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Family Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  37. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Tivoli Karolinelund)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  38. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wuhan Zhongshan Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  39. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Yerevan Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  40. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Coast to Coaster  (Darien Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  41. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Coast to Coaster  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  42. ↑ "Knott's Berry Farm on Instagram: "Take your last ride on Boomerang during the Knott's #BoysenberryFestival before the coaster closes forever on April 23!"". Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  43. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  44. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Roller Coaster  (Amrapali Funland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  45. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang-Roller Coaster  (Al-Shallal Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  46. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Playcenter São Paulo)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  47. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Bumerang  (Tashkentland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  48. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (PowerPark)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  49. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (Walibi Belgium)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  50. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diabolik  (Movieland Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  51. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Family Coaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  52. ↑ Marden, Duane. "FamilyBoomerang RollerCoaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  53. ↑ "Fireball - Furuvik (Gävle, Gävleborg, Sweden)". rcdb.com. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  54. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Fireball  (Furuvik)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  55. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  56. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  57. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Nanhu Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  58. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Great Escape)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  59. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Carolina Cobra  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  60. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Head Spin  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  61. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Frontline Charge  (Fanta Park Glorious Orient)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  62. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Frontline Charge  (Fanta Park Glorious Orient)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  63. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Generator  (Walibi Rhône-Alpes)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  64. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Giant Inverted Boomerang  (Jin Jiang Action Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  65. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  66. ↑ MacDonald, Brady (19 August 2011). "Six Flags Magic Mountain to remove Deja Vu coaster". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  67. ↑ MacDonald, Brady (1 September 2011). "Six Flags unveils new attractions for every park in 2012". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  68. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Good Gravy!  (Holiday World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  69. ↑ Marden, Duane. "High Speed Round Trip  (Bao Son Paradise Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  70. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Invertigo  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  71. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Jolly Rancher Remix  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  72. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Light Explorers  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  73. ↑ Marden, Duane. "London Loop  (Global Village)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  74. ↑ Marden, Duane. "London Loop  (Global Village)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  75. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Pine Tree Rocket  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  76. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Pine Tree Rocket  (Fantawild Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  77. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Quantum Leap  (Sochi Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  78. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Ragin' Cajun  (Dixie Landing')". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  79. ↑ "Family-Boomerang RAIK". Phantasialand. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  80. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raik  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  81. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Bangalore)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  82. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Thunderbolt  (Aladdin's Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  83. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Hyderabad)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  84. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Zoomerang  (Alabama Adventure & Splash Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  85. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Demon  (Wonderland Sydney Bangalore)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  86. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Titan  (World Expo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  87. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Colossus  (Habtoorland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  88. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Kochi)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  89. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Saven  (Fårup Sommerland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  90. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Sea Serpent  (Morey's Piers)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  91. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Snow Slope  (Lusail Winter Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  92. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Space Shuttle  (Enchanted Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  93. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (West Midland Safari Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  94. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Spartan Race  (Vinwonders)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  95. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flying Dolphin Coaster  (Vinwonders)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  96. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Speed of Sound  (Walibi Holland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  97. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stinger  (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  98. ↑ "Exclusive Photos of the Deconstruction of Stinger at Dorney Park". 31 March 2018.
  99. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Invertigo  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  100. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  101. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  102. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  103. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  104. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  105. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  106. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Asian Legend)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  107. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Silk Road Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  108. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Stunt Fall  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  109. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Tidal Wave  (Trimper's Rides)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  110. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Triops  (Bagatelle)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  111. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Sommerland Syd)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  112. ↑ Marden, Duane. "unknown  (Allou Fun Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  113. ↑ Marden, Duane. "HangOver  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  114. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Turbo Dino  (Zigong Fantawild Dinosaur Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  115. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Tweestryd  (Wildlands Adventure Zoo Emmen)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  116. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Velociraptor  (Paulton's Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  117. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Volldampf  (Erlebnispark Tripsdrill)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  118. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Whirly Roller Coaster  (Floraland Continent Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  119. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Qingdao International Beer City)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  120. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wipeout  (Pleasurewood Hills)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  121. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Missile  (American Adventure Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  122. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Coca-Cola Roller  (Glasgow Garden Festival)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  123. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Emerald Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  124. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Zydeco Scream  (Six Flags New Orleans)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  125. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  126. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  127. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  128. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  129. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  130. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  131. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  132. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Warner Bros. Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  133. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  134. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Sky Mountain  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  135. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flash: Vertical Velocity  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
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