Bow maker

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A bow maker is a person who builds, repairs, and restores ancient or modern bows for bowed string instruments. These include violins, violas, cellos, double basses, viola d'amore, viola da gamba, etc.

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The French word for bowmaker (bow maker) is archetier for one who makes bows of the string family of instruments such as violin, viola, cello and double bass. [1] Root of the word comes from archet—pronounced [aʁʃɛ] —the bow.

A bow maker typically uses between 150 and 200 hairs from the tail of a horse for a violin bow. Bows for other members of the violin family typically have a wider ribbon, using more hairs. White hair generally produces a smoother sound and black hair (used mainly for double bass bows) is coarser, producing a rougher sound. Lower quality (inexpensive) bows often use nylon or synthetic hair. Rosin, a hard, sticky substance made from resin (sometimes mixed with wax), is regularly applied to the bow hair to increase friction. In making the stick of a bow, the initial part of the woodworking is done on a straight stick. According to James McKean, "the bow maker graduates the stick in precise gradations so that it is evenly flexible throughout." [2] These gradations were calculated by François Tourte, discussed below. In order to shape the curve or "camber" of the bow stick, the maker carefully heats the stick over a source of heat (such as an alcohol flame or a heat gun) a few inches at a time, bending the heated stick gradually to the proper shape. A metal or wooden template is often used to get the exact model's curve and shape while heating.

History

engraving of Francois Xavier Tourte 1818 F.X.Tourte engraving by J.Frey 1818.jpg
engraving of François Xavier Tourte 1818

Up until the standardization of the bow by François Tourte in 1785, most bows with rare exceptions remained anonymous (before 1750). [3] And although François Tourte attained an enormous measure of fame in his own lifetime, the tradition of the anonymous bow maker was still so strong that theorists like Woldemar and Fetis called Tourte's new-model bow not the Tourte bow but the Viotti bow, after his contemporary the violinist. [4] - David Boyden (After his father's death, Tourte, in collaboration with the violin virtuoso G. B. Viotti, made important changes in the form of the bow in the Classical period between 1785 and 1790. They lengthened them slightly, to 74 – 75 centimetres, and used more wood in the tip and a heavier nut.)

With the dawn of a new era in the introduction of the modern bow design by François Tourte, so too was the importance placed on the bow maker rather than the luthier to produce such playing tools. [3]

The fact that bows are ascribed not to makers but to famous violinists (who were often composers as well) underlines the point that, with rare exceptions, bow makers remained anonymous before 1750. Quite probably the man who made the violin often made the bow or had it made in his shop: I have already indicated that Stradivari almost certainly made bows or had them made for him. After 1750, some makers began to identify themselves by stamping their names on bows-generally on the stick, sometimes on the frog, occasionally on both (as in some Dodd bows). Tourte pere, whom we now believe to be Louis Tourte, stamped a few bows c 1750 with the distinctive TOURTE-L but Francois Tourte (his more famous son), whose first standardized bows date from c 1785, rarely stamped his.

Although Francois attained an enormous measure of fame in his own lifetime, the tradition of the anonymous bow maker was still so strong that theorists like Woldemar and Fetis called Tourte's new-model bow not the Tourte bow but the Viotti bow, after his contemporary the violinist." [5] -

— David Boyden

Quotes

"Giovanni Battista Viotti, the 18th- century violin virtuoso who is rumored to have consulted with Tourte on the bows formulation, to declare: Le violon, c’est l’archet - the violin, it is the bow. The bow is so crucial that much of the music of Beethoven, Brahms and Schubert and their musical heirs would not be performable without it...." [6]

"The French bow maker François-Xavier Tourte, more commonly known as François Tourte or Tourte le jeune, is often referred to as "the inventor of the modern bow," or "the Stradivari of the bow." His bows, dating from the end of the eighteenth century and the early decades of the nineteenth, had a marked effect upon the timbre of violins and upon performance practice, enabling new forms of expression and articulation to be developed, and in particular, facilitating the increased use of legato. François Joseph Fétis's entry in the second, expanded edition of his Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique (1860–65) has until recently been the only source of biographical information about François Tourte. Some thirty documents recently discovered in French archives provide further fresh insight into this maker's life and work." Stewart Pollens, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

"Tourte - French family of bowmakers and luthiers. It comprised of Nicolas Pierre Tourte and his sons Nicolas Léonard and François Xavier and perhaps Charles Tourte, son of Nicolas Léonard. In addition, at least two channelled (canalé) bows dating from about 1750–60 exist bearing the brand-stamp A.TOURTE." - [7] Paul Childs

Bibliography

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">François Tourte</span> French bow maker (1747–1835)

François Xavier Tourte was a French bow maker who made a number of significant contributions to the development of the bow of stringed instruments, and is considered to be the most important figure in the development of the modern bow. Because of this, he has often been called the Stradivari of the bow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominique Peccatte</span> French bow maker (1810–1874)

Dominique Peccatte was a French luthier and above all a renowned bow maker. He was apprenticed in Mirecourt and later worked with Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume.

François Nicolas Voirin (1833–1885) was a French archetier (bowmaker), known in his time as the "Modern Tourte."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Jacques Millant</span> French bow maker

Jean-Jacques Millant (1928–1998) was an influential French bow maker/archetier of the Dominique Peccatte school. His cousin, Bernard Millant produced bows similar in style. Millant, son of violin maker Roger Millant, was apprenticed in Mirecourt, Vosges, France by the Morizot Brothers from 1946–1948, then worked with his uncle, Roger and Max Millant in Paris until 1950, after which he opened his own shop in Paris.

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Pierre Simon, was a French archetier or musical bowmaker.

Joseph Fonclause (1799–1862) was a French archetier/bow maker. Went to Paris to work for Lupot, Tourte and Vuillaume. From 1840 he worked alone. Most of his bows are stamped. Early in his career, he followed the Pajeot style. Nevertheless, later followed a very different direction on the basis of what was soon to happen in Paris.

Jules Fétique was a prominent French archetier from a family of bowmakers.

André Georges Richaume was a prominent French bowmaker, from a family of bowmakers.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bazin family</span> French family of archetiers / bow makers

The Bazin family is a highly esteemed family of bowmakers operating in Mirecourt, France from around 1840 throughout most of the 1900s.

Charles Claude Husson was an influential French archetier.

Eugène Cuniot-Hury (1861–1910) was a French archetier and bow maker based in Mirecourt, France.

Joseph Gaudé (1818–1881) was a French archetier, bowmaker and luthier.

Célestin Émile Clasquin was a French bow maker / archetier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bow frog</span> End part of a stringed instruments bow

The bow frog is the end part of a stringed musical instrument's bow that encloses the mechanism responsible for tightening and holding the bow hair ribbon. Most of the bow frogs used in today's classical bows are made of ebony; some synthetic bows have frogs made with materials that imitate ebony, while Baroque bows use frogs made with various woods.

References

  1. ↑ Raffin, Jean Francois; Millant, Bernard (2000). L'Archet. Paris: L'Archet Éditions. ISBN   2-9515569-0-X.
  2. ↑
    • McKean, James N. (1996) Commonsense Instrument Care. San Anselmo, California: String Letter Publishing. ISBN   978-0-9626081-9-3
  3. 1 2 "Gennady Filimonov". Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2009-01-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2009-01-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ↑ Saving the Music Tree Archived July 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ http://phonoarchive.org/grove/Entries/S28231.htm#S28231.3%5B%5D

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List of contemporary bow makers

Famous Violinist's Bows

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