CERN Hadron Linacs

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CERN Complex
CERN accelerator complex 2022.png
Current particle and nuclear facilities
LHC Accelerates protons and heavy ions
LEIR Accelerates ions
SPS Accelerates protons and ions
PSB Accelerates protons
PS Accelerates protons or ions
Linac 3 Injects heavy ions into LEIR
Linac4 Accelerates ions
AD Decelerates antiprotons
ELENA Decelerates antiprotons
ISOLDE Produces radioactive ion beams
MEDICIS Produces isotopes for medical purposes
Internal view of the first CERN Linac Internal view Linac 1.jpg
Internal view of the first CERN Linac

The CERN Hadron Linacs are linear accelerators that accelerate beams of hadrons from a standstill to be used by the larger circular accelerators at the facility.

Contents

Linac

The Linac [1] , some times referred to as the PS Linac [2] and much later Linac 1, [3] was CERN's first linear accelerator, built to inject 50 MeV protons into the Proton Synchrotron (PS). Conceived in the early 1950s, its principle design was based on a similar accelerator at AERE in England. [4] The first beams were accelerated in 1958, at currents of 5 mA and a pulse length of 20 μs, which was the world record at that time. [4] The accelerator was fully operational by September 1959, when the design energy of 50 MeV was first reached. [4] [5]

From then on, the Linac experienced a phase of rapid development and constant improvement of the output parameters. This culminated in 1978, when a maximal proton current of 70 mA at pulse lengths of 100 μs could be reached. [4] From 1972 on, the Linac didn't deliver the protons directly to the PS anymore, but to the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). The PSB had been built to allow for higher energies of the protons beams already before they enter the PS.

After Linac 2 had taken over the task of accelerating protons in 1978, the Linac continued to be used as a reliable testbed for new developments. This included the testing and implementation of a radio-frequency quadrupole as the initial accelerator, which replaced the original Cockcroft-Walton generator in 1984. Furthermore, ways to create and accelerate deuterons, α-particles and H− atoms were developed. The latter were used as test beams for LEAR. [4] From late 1986 on, the Linac was also used to accelerate oxygen and sulphur ions. [6] [7]

The Linac ceased to be used in experiments in summer of 1992. [8] It was then decommissioned and removed from its tunnel to make room for Linac 3; the construction of which started October 1992 after the Linac had been removed from the tunnel. Parts of the Linac remain as museum pieces in the Microcosm exhibit. [9]

Linac 2

Linac 2, in the beginning simply referred to as the new Linac [10] was announced in 1973. [11] It was decided to build a new linear accelerator, since the old Linac was unable to keep up with the technical advances of the other machines within CERN's accelerator complex. Linac 2 replaced the Linac as CERN's primary source of proton beams in 1978. It kept the same beam energy of 50 MeV, but allowed for more intense beams with beam currents of up to 150 mA and a longer pulse duration of 200 μs. [12]

Originally, it had been discussed to further upgrade the first Linac instead of building a completely new linear accelerator. However, it quickly became clear that the costs of such an update would almost be as expensive as the new Linac. Another fact in favor of this new construction was the possibility to ensure a smooth transition from one Linac to the other without any downtime in between. Also this two linac approach meant that the old Linac could provide a back-up for the new Linac for the first years of operation.

Construction of Linac 2 started in December 1973, with an estimated budget of 21.3 million CHF, and was completed in 1978. [13] Linac 2 was 36 meters long and was based at ground level at the main CERN site. It was located in a building parallel to the old Linac tunnel. [14]

Throughout its lifetime, Linac 2 went through several updates to keep up with the advances of CERN's accelerator system. The most important upgrade was the replacement of the old 750 kV Cockcroft-Walton generator with a Radio-frequency quadrupole in 1993. This raised the output current to 180 mA. [15]

In the late 2000s, it was considered whether to upgrade Linac 2 or build a new linac for injecting particles into HL-LHC. The decision was in the end made to build a new accelerator, the Linac4 to succeed Linac 2 in 2020. Linac 2 was switched off 12 November 2018 at 15:00 by CERN's Director of Accelerators, and was subsequently decommissioned as part of the LHC Injector Upgrade project. In the decommissioning process, Linac 2 was disconnected from the other accelerators of CERN, so it can no longer used to inject particles into CERN accelerators or experiments. However, much of the Linac 2 accelerator hardware is left (as of October 2023) in place, and can now be visited as part of a guided tour.

Linac 3

Linac 3, also referred to as the Lead Linac [16] was constructed inside the former tunnel of Linac 1 and got commissioned in the summer of 1994 (construction started October 1992). It had been specially constructed to accelerate heavy ions, after tests with Linac 1 and an increasing demand from the scientific community suggested to build a new Linac dedicated specifically to this task. [6] The accelerated particles are mainly lead ions, which are provided to the LHC and fixed target experiments at the SPS and LEIR. For LEIR's commissioning, also oxygen ions were accelerated. [17]

After preparations from 2013 on, Linac 3 was adapted to accelerate argon ions in 2015. These were used by the NA61/SHINE experiment. [18] [19]

Similarly, Linac 3 accelerated xenon ions in 2017 for NA61's fixed-target physics programme. On October 12, 2017, these were delivered to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for a unique run of data taking: For the first time, xenon ions were accelerated and collided in the LHC. For six hours, LHC's four experiments could take data of the colliding xenon ions. [20]

Linac 3 is expected to stay in use at least until 2022. [21]

Linac4

Linac4 (CERN uses this name/spelling), sometimes imprecisely referred to as Linac 4 (which is a name/spelling not used by CERN), is a current 86 metre-long linear accelerator that replaced the retired Linac 2. Unlike its predecessors, Linac4 accelerates negative hydrogen ions, not protons, and has an acceleration energy of 160 MeV. [22] The ions are then injected to the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) where both electrons are then stripped from each of the hydrogen ions and thus only the nucleus containing one proton remains. By using hydrogen ions instead of protons, the beam loss at the injection is reduced and simplified and this also allows more particles to accumulate in the synchrotron. [23] [24]

CERN approved the construction of Linac4 in June 2007. Project started in 2008. [9]

Linac4 has been built in its own tunnel, parallel to Linac 2, in the main CERN site. The reason for building the accelerator in its own new tunnel is that its building could take place simultaneously with the operation of Linac 2. [14]

Linac4 has increased the energy by a factor of three over its predecessor, Linac 2, and achieve an energy of 160 MeV. This energy increase, when combined with the increased accumulation of particles, has allowed the intensity of the beams for LHC to almost double in intensity. [25] This is part of the planned future luminosity increase of the LHC. [26]

The first injection of a particle beam from Linac4 into the PSB occurred in December 2020. [27]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CERN</span> Research centre in Switzerland

The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN, is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin, western suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 23 member states. Israel, admitted in 2013, is the only non-European full member. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tevatron</span> Defunct particle accelerator at Fermilab in Illinois, USA (1983–2011)

The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator in the United States, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, east of Batavia, Illinois, and is the second highest energy particle collider ever built, after the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) near Geneva, Switzerland. The Tevatron was a synchrotron that accelerated protons and antiprotons in a 6.28 km (3.90 mi) ring to energies of up to 1 TeV, hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million and significant upgrade investments were made during its active years of 1983–2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linear particle accelerator</span> Type of particle accelerator

A linear particle accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that accelerates charged subatomic particles or ions to a high speed by subjecting them to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline. The principles for such machines were proposed by Gustav Ising in 1924, while the first machine that worked was constructed by Rolf Widerøe in 1928 at the RWTH Aachen University. Linacs have many applications: they generate X-rays and high energy electrons for medicinal purposes in radiation therapy, serve as particle injectors for higher-energy accelerators, and are used directly to achieve the highest kinetic energy for light particles for particle physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Large Hadron Collider</span> Particle accelerator at CERN, Switzerland

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference and as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Large Electron–Positron Collider</span> Particle accelerator at CERN, Switzerland

The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland.

A collider is a type of particle accelerator that brings two opposing particle beams together such that the particles collide. Colliders may either be ring accelerators or linear accelerators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synchrotron</span> Type of cyclic particle accelerator

A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being synchronized to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles. The synchrotron is one of the first accelerator concepts to enable the construction of large-scale facilities, since bending, beam focusing and acceleration can be separated into different components. The most powerful modern particle accelerators use versions of the synchrotron design. The largest synchrotron-type accelerator, also the largest particle accelerator in the world, is the 27-kilometre-circumference (17 mi) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built in 2008 by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It can accelerate beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 tera electronvolts (TeV or 1012 eV).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KEK</span> Japanese high-energy physics organization

The High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, known as KEK, is a Japanese organization whose purpose is to operate the largest particle physics laboratory in Japan, situated in Tsukuba, Ibaraki prefecture. It was established in 1997. The term "KEK" is also used to refer to the laboratory itself, which employs approximately 695 employees. KEK's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics, material science, structural biology, radiation science, computing science, nuclear transmutation and so on. Numerous experiments have been constructed at KEK by the internal and international collaborations that have made use of them. Makoto Kobayashi, emeritus professor at KEK, is known globally for his work on CP-violation, and was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Super Proton Synchrotron</span> Particle accelerator at CERN, Switzerland

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is a particle accelerator of the synchrotron type at CERN. It is housed in a circular tunnel, 6.9 kilometres (4.3 mi) in circumference, straddling the border of France and Switzerland near Geneva, Switzerland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HERA (particle accelerator)</span>

HERA was a particle accelerator at DESY in Hamburg. It was operated from 1992 to 30 June 2007. At HERA, electrons or positrons were brought to collision with protons at a center-of-mass energy of 320 GeV. HERA was used mainly to study the structure of protons and the properties of quarks, laying the foundation for much of the science done at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN particle physics laboratory today. HERA is the only lepton–proton collider in the world to date and was on the energy frontier in certain regions of the kinematic range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proton Synchrotron</span> CERNs first synchrotron accelerator

The Proton Synchrotron is a particle accelerator at CERN. It is CERN's first synchrotron, beginning its operation in 1959. For a brief period the PS was the world's highest energy particle accelerator. It has since served as a pre-accelerator for the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), and is currently part of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator complex. In addition to protons, PS has accelerated alpha particles, oxygen and sulfur nuclei, electrons, positrons, and antiprotons.

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is an upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider, operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), located at the French-Swiss border near Geneva. From 2011 to 2020, the project was led by Lucio Rossi. In 2020, the lead role was taken up by Oliver Brüning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternating Gradient Synchrotron</span> Particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory

The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) is a particle accelerator located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proton Synchrotron Booster</span> CERN particle accelerator

The Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) is the first and smallest circular proton accelerator in the accelerator chain at the CERN injection complex, which also provides beams to the Large Hadron Collider. It contains four superimposed rings with a radius of 25 meters, which receive protons with an energy of 160 MeV from the linear accelerator Linac4 and accelerate them up to 2.0 GeV, ready to be injected into the Proton Synchrotron (PS). Before the PSB was built in 1972, Linac 1 injected directly into the Proton Synchrotron, but the increased injection energy provided by the booster allowed for more protons to be injected into the PS and a higher luminosity at the end of the accelerator chain.

A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to very high speeds and energies, and to contain them in well-defined beams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low Energy Ion Ring</span> Particle accelerator at CERN

The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) is a particle accelerator at CERN used to accelerate ions from the LINAC 3 to the Proton Synchrotron (PS) to provide ions for collisions within the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

An energy recovery linac (ERL) is a type of linear particle accelerator that provides a beam of electrons used to produce x-rays by synchrotron radiation. First proposed in 1965 the idea gained interest since the early 2000s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LHeC</span> Accelerator study for a possible upgrade of the existing LHC storage ring

The Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC) is an accelerator study for a possible upgrade of the existing LHC storage ring - the currently highest energy proton accelerator operating at CERN in Geneva. By adding to the proton accelerator ring a new electron accelerator, the LHeC would enable the investigation of electron-proton and electron-ion collisions at unprecedented high energies and rate, much higher than had been possible at the electron-proton collider HERA at DESY at Hamburg, which terminated its operation in 2007. The LHeC has therefore a unique program of research, as on the substructure of the proton and nuclei or the physics of the newly discovered Higgs boson. It is an electron–ion collider, similar to the plans in the US and elsewhere, although the present design would not include polarized protons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Future Circular Collider</span> Proposed post-LHC particle accelerator at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is a proposed particle accelerator with an energy significantly above that of previous circular colliders, such as the Super Proton Synchrotron, the Tevatron, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The FCC project is considering three scenarios for collision types: FCC-hh, for hadron-hadron collisions, including proton-proton and heavy ion collisions, FCC-ee, for electron-positron collisions, and FCC-eh, for electron-hadron collisions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LEP Pre-Injector</span>

The LEP Pre-Injector (LPI) was the initial source that provided electrons and positrons to CERN's accelerator complex for the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) from 1989 until 2000.

References

  1. ↑ "1959 - 1969: Ten years in the life of a machine". CERN Courier. 9 (11): 337–346. November 1969.
  2. ↑ Taylor, C. S. (1964). High current performance of the CERN PS Linac.
  3. ↑ Haseroth, H.; Hill, C.; Têtu, P.; Weiss, M.; Wolf, B. H.; Leible, K. D.; Spätke, P.; Klabunde, J.; Langenbeck, B. (1986). Ion acceleration in the CERN Linac 1.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 History, Developments and Recent Performance of the CERN Linac 1 [Retrieved 2018-07-18]
  5. ↑ CERN Homepage: Linear accelerator 1 [Retrieved 2018-07-20]
  6. 1 2 D. J. Warner: New and Proposed Linacs at CERN: The LEP (e+/e-) Injector and the SPS Heavy Ion (Pb) Injector [Retrieved 2018-07-24]
  7. ↑ Wolf, B.H.; Leible, K.; Spädtke, P.; Klabunde, J.; Langenbeck, B.; Angert, N.; Gough, R.A.; Staples, J.; Caylor, R.; Howard, D.; MacGill, R.; Tanabe, J.; Haseroth, H.; Hill, C.; Tetu, P.; Weiss, M.; Geller, R. (1987). "Heavy ion injector for the CERN Linac 1". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 258 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:1987NIMPA.258....1W. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(87)90074-X.
  8. ↑ CERN Document Server: first tank of Linac 1 [Retrieved 2011-11-28]
  9. 1 2 Hübner, Kurt; Carli, Christian; Steerenberg, Rende; Burnet, Jean-Paul; Lombardi, Alessandra; Haseroth, Helmut; Vretenar, Maurizio; Küchler, Detlef; Manglunki, Django; Zickler, Thomas; Martini, Michel; Maury, Stephan; Métral, Elias; Gilardoni, Simone; Möhl, Dieter; Chanel, Michel; Steinbach, Charles; Scrivens, Richard; Lewis, Julian; Rinolfi, Louis; Giovannozzi, Massimo; Hancock, Steven; Plass, Günther; Garoby, Roland (2013). Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Volume 2. arXiv: 1309.6923 . doi:10.5170/CERN-2013-005. ISBN   978-92-9083-391-8. S2CID   117747620.
  10. ↑ "New Linac + 'old' Booster = many protons" [Nouveau Linac + «Booster» = multiplication des protons]. CERN Bulletin. Geneva: CERN (45): 1–2. 6 November 1978.
  11. ↑ "Un nouveau Linac" [A new Linac]. CERN Bulletin. Geneva: CERN (46): 1. 12 November 1973.
  12. ↑ E. Boltezer et al.: The New CERN 50-MeV LINAC (1979) [Retrieved 2018-07-10]
  13. ↑ Project study for a new 50 MeV linear accelerator for the C. P. S (1973) [Retrieved 2018-07-18]
  14. 1 2 "The tale of a billion-trillion protons". 30 November 2018.
  15. ↑ Linac4 Technical Design Report [Retrieved 2018-07-18]
  16. ↑ "Leading lead ions towards physics, first full acceleration of ions in the Lead Linac" [Vers l'expérimentation, première pleine accélération des ions dans le linac à ions plomb]. CERN Bulletin. Geneva: CERN (24): 1–3. 13 June 1994.
  17. ↑ Dumas, L. "Operation of the GTS-LHC Source for the Hadron Injector at CERN". High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 31 (Suppl 1): 51–54. S2CID   107927154.
  18. ↑ D Küchler et al.: Never Run Your ECR Ion Source with Argon in Afterglow for 6 Months! [Retrieved 2018-07-20]
  19. ↑ SHINE Homepage: NA61/SHINE Sheds Light on Strong Interactions Archived 2018-07-20 at the Wayback Machine [Retrieved 2018-07-20]
  20. ↑ CERN Homepage: LHC report: xenon in action [Retrieved 2018-07-20]
  21. ↑ CERN Homepage:Linear accelerator 3 [Retrieved 2018-07-20]
  22. ↑ CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs (2020-09-18). "CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, Vol. 6 (2020): Linac4 design report": 14MB. doi:10.23731/CYRM-2020-006.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ↑ CERN Homepage: Linear accelerator 4 [Retrieved 2018-07-20]
  24. ↑ "LHC Run 3: The final countdown". 18 February 2022.
  25. ↑ M. Meddahi and G. Rumolo, Proc. IPAC'23, Venice, Italy, May 2023 (2023-05-01). "Performance with the upgraded LHC injectors" (PDF). doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2023-MOXD1.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ "CERN unveils new linear accelerator". symmetry magazine. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  27. ↑ "LS2 Report: Beams circulate in the PS Booster". cern. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
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