Campanula petiolata

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Campanula petiolata
Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) - Killarney, Ontario.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Genus: Campanula
Species:
C. petiolata
Binomial name
Campanula petiolata
Synonyms [1]
  • Campanula macdougaliiRydb.
  • Campanula sacajaweanaPeck
  • Campanula rotundifolia var. petiolata(A.DC.) J.K.Henry
  • Campanula stylocampaEastw.

Campanula petiolata is a flowering plant that is called western harebell when it is distinguished from Campanula rotundifolia or simply harebell when it is considered the same species. It is in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae). This herbaceous perennial is found in areas of western North America with continental climates. It produces violet-blue, bell-shaped flowers in late summer and autumn. It is closely related to Campanula rotundifolia and is considered either a subspecies or the same species by many botanists.

Contents

Description

Campanula petiolata is a slender, prostrate to erect herbaceous perennial 10–50 centimeters tall when fully developed. The leaves at the base of the plant (basal leaves) are round to egg shaped (ovate) in shape, mostly toothed, and usually disappear before the plants flower. [2] The basal leaves are more often ovate than round. [3]

The leaves on the lower stem are slightly widened in the middle to resembling a skinny lance point (lanceolate) with saw toothed edges (serrate). The upper leaves are reduced to being long and thin like a grass blade (linear) or just slightly lanceolate. [2] Due to the drier habitats of North America the foliage is firmer than that of Campanula rotundifolia. [4] The leaf surfaces are usually smooth, but are rarely slightly rough in texture with fine hairs (scabrous-pubescent). [2]

The flowering stems are usually smooth, but when hairy the very small hairs cover the stem completely rather than being confined to lines on the stem. The stems tend to be more upright (strict) than Campanula rotundifolia. [3] The inflorescence is a panicle or raceme, with 1 to many flowers borne on very slender pedicels. [2] [5] The flowers are a bell shape with five points from the five sepals fused together (5-cleft calyx). The flower is sometimes broader than it is long. [2] The flowers are usually a pale lavender to dawn blue in color. Plants with pale white or albino flowers may also occur, the former with a pink-lavender stigma and the later with a creamy white stigma. [4]

When flowering if finished the plant produces a nodding capsule that contains the very minute seeds. [2] It has short underground rhizomes. [6]

Taxonomy

Campanula petiolata illustrated by CJ Marvin, from Wild Flowers and Trees of Colorado by Francis Ramaley 1909 Campanula petiolata line drawing.png
Campanula petiolata illustrated by CJ Marvin, from Wild Flowers and Trees of Colorado by Francis Ramaley 1909

Campanula petiolata was scientifically described and named by Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle in his 1830 publication, Monographie des campanulées. [1] [7] It was subsequently described as a subspecies of Campanula rotundifolia as var. petiolata by Joseph Kaye Henry in 1915. [8] Reprints of some authoritative plant identification books, such as Handbook of Northwest Flowering Plants by Gilkey and Powell, continued to list C. petiolata as a separate species as late as 1961. [5]

It is considered an accepted species by Plants of the World Online, [1] World Flora Online, [9] and World Plants. [10] It also is used as a taxon to record observations on iNaturalist. [11] In contrast the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database lists it as a synonym to Campanula rotundifolia. [12]

Regardless of the validity of Campanula petiolata as a species, modern research indicates the European and North American populations separated due to a colonization event approximately 114 thousand years before the present. North American populations are derived from and most closely related to the Campanula rotundifolia populations of Northern Europe, especially those in Sweden and Ireland. [13]

Names

Campanula petiolata's binomial name refers to the bell shaped flowers of its genus [14] and to leaves being petiolate, having a short stalk to attach them to the main stem. The wildflower writer Claude A. Barr used the common name western harebell to distinguish this species from the European species. [4] Often a full list of European common or traditional names are also attributed to Campanula petiolata when it is assumed it is the same species as the flower that grow in Europe, such as "bellflower", "lady's thimble", "witch's thimble", "heathbells", "bluebells", "fairies’ thimbles", and "dead men’s bells". [15]

Habitat and range

Plants of the world online records Campanula petiolata as growing in the far north of Canada in Nunavut and the Yukon southwards to the United states west of the Dakotas, Colorado, and Texas. The southern limit of its range extends into north east of Mexico. [1] In the Pacific Northwest they are unevenly distributed from sea level to approximately 1900 meters in elevation. [5] In the Southern Rocky Mountains they are often found on grassy hillsides, in lodgepole pine forests, along road cuts in montane ecosystems from the foothills to the timberline. [16] [17] In northern Mexico it grows in three states, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo León. [10] Campanula petiolata will grow in relatively dry areas in the mountains or in medium (mesic) soils, but require well drained gravely or sandy soils if conditions have more moisture. [17]

Ecology

The leaf-cutter bee species Megachile melanophaea has been collected from the flowers of Campanula petiolata at least once. [18] It is one of the few plants that will continue to bloom in the high mountain parks of Colorado into the summer from mid July to August. [6]

Cultivation

The western harebell is rhizomatous, forming a clump of plants and tends to have more of this character when growing in sunny conditions. [4]

Related Research Articles

<i>Campanula</i> Genus of flowering plants in the bellflower family Campanulaceae

Campanula is the type genus of the Campanulaceae family of flowering plants. Campanula are commonly known as bellflowers and take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell".

<i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Campanula rotundifolia, the common harebell, Scottish bluebell, or bluebell of Scotland, is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae. This herbaceous perennial is found throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In Scotland, it is often known simply as bluebell. It is the floral emblem of Sweden where it is known as small bluebell. It produces its violet-blue, bell-shaped flowers in late summer and autumn.

<i>Campanula carpatica</i> Species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae

Campanula carpatica, the tussock bellflower or Carpathian harebell, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae.

<i>Ravenella exigua</i> Species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae

Ravenella exigua, the chaparral bellflower, rock harebell, or Rattan campanula, is an annual flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae.

<i>Campanula rapunculoides</i> Species of flowering plant

Campanula rapunculoides, known by the common names creeping bellflower, rampion bellflower, rover bellflower, garden bluebell, creeping bluebell, purple bell, garden harebell, and creeping campanula, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Campanula, belonging to the family Campanulaceae. Native to central and southern Europe and west Asia, in some parts of North America it is an extremely invasive species.

<i>Pedicularis groenlandica</i> North American species of flowering plant

Pedicularis groenlandica is a showy flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae commonly known as elephant's head, little pink elephant, elephantella, or similar common names inspired by the resemblance of the flower to the head of an elephant. It is also less commonly known as butterfly tongue for the long beak on the flower. Like many other plants in genus Pedicularis, it is a parasitic plant and depends on host plants to survive.

<i>Aconitum columbianum</i> Species of plant

Aconitum columbianum is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names Columbian monkshood or western monkshood.

<i>Campanula gelida</i> Species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae

Campanula gelida is a stenoendemic, critically endangered species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae. It is a perennial species that grows in the mountains of Hrubý Jeseník in the Czech Republic. It evolved through specialization of an isolated population of Campanula scheuchzeri, an Alpine species, which expanded to the area of the Sudetes during a colder period, probably the last ice age. It is closely related to Campanula bohemica, endemic to the Giant Mountains. Sometimes it is even considered its subspecies and referred to as Campanula bohemica subsp. gelida. They all belong to the group of related species Campanula rotundifolia agg.

<i>Favratia</i> Genus of Campanulaceae plants

Favratia zoysii, known commonly as Zois' bellflower, Zoysi's harebell, or crimped bellflower, is the sole member of the genus Favratia, closely related to Campanula (bellflowers).

<i>Frasera speciosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the gentian family

Frasera speciosa is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family (Gentianaceae) known by the common names elkweed, monument plant, and green gentian. When blooming it grows a tall stalk with numerous flowers that have purple dotted green petals. Each plant can flower just once before it dies.

<i>Campanula piperi</i> Species of flowering plant

Campanula piperi is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae. It is native to the Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula in the U.S. state of Washington. It has also been noted on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.

<i>Tetraneuris acaulis</i> Species of flowering plant in the sunflower family

Tetraneuris acaulis is a North American species of flowering plants in the sunflower family. It is known by many common names in English including stemless four-nerve daisy, stemless hymenoxys, butte marigold, and stemless rubberweed.

<i>Claytonia rosea</i> Species of flowering plant

Claytonia rosea, commonly called Rocky Mountain spring beauty, western springbeauty or Madrean springbeauty, is a diminutive spring blooming ephemeral plant with pale pink to magenta flowers. It grows a small round tuberous root and it one of the earliest wildflowers of spring in its range. It is found in dry meadows in forests of ponderosa and Chihuahuan pines, and moist ledges of mountain slopes of the Beaver Dam Mountains of Utah, Colorado Front Range, and Sierra Madre Occidental, south and east to the Sierra Maderas del Carmen of Coahuila.

<i>Mertensia lanceolata</i> Species of plant in the borage family

Mertensia lanceolata, known as prairie bluebells, lance-leaved bluebells, lance-leaved lungwort, and narrow-leaved languid ladies is a species of flowering plant native to the Rocky Mountains and areas of the northern Great Plains in western North America. A herbaceous perennial it has blue-green leaves alternately arranged on its smooth flowering stalk. Its flower buds are pink-purple and become blue as they open.

<i>Penstemon whippleanus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon whippleanus, commonly known as dusky penstemon, dusky beardtongue, Whipple's penstemon, or Whipple's beardtongue, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant within the hemiboreal forests of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It is noted for the large deep purple-red flowers and a preference for high mountain elevations.

<i>Penstemon secundiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon secundiflorus, commonly known as sidebells penstemon, or orchid beardtoungue is a species of Penstemon that grows in dry forests, high plains, and scrub lands from Wyoming to Mexico. It is a herbaceous perennial plant that typically grows to a height of 20 to 50 cm and has narrow, lance-shaped leaves that are grayish-green in color. The flowers of the sidebells penstemon are tubular in shape and are arranged in a one-sided spike, with the blooms all facing the same direction, and for this reason was named "secundiflorus", which means "one-sided flowers". The flowers are most often delicate shades of orchid or lavender. It is sometimes used in xeriscaping, rock gardens, and wildflower meadows, and is well-suited to dry, sunny locations with well-drained soil.

<i>Penstemon ambiguus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon ambiguus, commonly known as the bush penstemon, pink plains penstemon, or gilia beardtongue is a species of Penstemon that grows in the shortgrass prairies and deserts of the western United States and northern Mexico. This bush-like penstemon grows in sandy, loose, and creosote soils and is particularly known for the spectacular flowering show it produces, sometime seasons turning whole hillsides bright pink–white.

<i>Delphinium geyeri</i> Species of flowering plant

Delphinium geyeri is a species of plant in the Ranunculaceae family that is often called by the common names plains larkspur and foothills larkspur. It is infamous for causing the deaths of cattle grazing in the spring because it is especially poisonous before it flowers and so it is also called poisonweed by ranchers. It is a medium to tall plant that has very striking blue flowers and is occasionally grown in native plant gardens for this reason. It grows mainly in Wyoming with large population in northern Colorado, northeastern Utah, and parts of Nebraska.

<i>Smithiastrum prenanthoides</i> Species of flowering plant

Smithiastrum prenanthoides, commonly known as the California harebell, is a perennial flowering plant in the Campanulaceae. It was formerly classified as a member of either Campanula or Asyneuma and was re-split following the discovery that genera in the family are polyphyletic. S. prenanthoides belongs to one of several small genera in the Campanulaceae native to California and grows in montane coniferous forests.

<i>Trifolium parryi</i> Plant species in the clover genus

Trifolium parryi, commonly known as Parry's clover or Parry clover, is a high altitude species of plant from the western United States. It grows in the Rocky Mountains from southern Montana to northern New Mexico. It is a short plant that is adapted to the harsh conditions and short growing season near and above timberline.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 POWO (2023). "Campanula petiolata A.DC". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Henry, Joseph Kaye (1915). Flora of southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island: with many references to Alaska and northern species. Toronto: W.J. Gage & Co. Ltd. p. 283. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  3. 1 2 Rydberg, Per Axel (1 January 1903). "A recent Monograph of Campanula rotundifolia and its Allies". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 3: 10–11. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Barr, Claude A. (1983). Jewels of the plains : wild flowers of the Great Plains grasslands and hills. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN   0-8166-1127-0.
  5. 1 2 3 Gilkey, Helen M.; Powell, Garland M. (1961). Handbook of Northwest Flowering Plants (2nd ed.). Portland, Oregon: Binford and Mort, Publishers. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  6. 1 2 Ramaley, Francis (September 1916). "Dry Grassland of a High Mountain in Northern Colorado". Plant World; A Monthly Journal of General Botany. 19 (9). Binghamton: 254, 267. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  7. Candolle, Alphonse Pyramus de (1830). Monographie des campanulées. Paris: Veuve Desray. pp. 278–281. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  8. POWO (2023). "Campanula rotundifolia var. petiolata (A.DC.) J.K.Henry". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  9. "Campanula petiolata A.DC". World Flora Online . Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  10. 1 2 Hassler, Michael (30 June 2024). "Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 19.4". World Plants. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  11. "western harebell (Campanula petiolata)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  12.  USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile. 
  13. Sutherland, Brittany L.; Galloway, Laura F. (October 2018). "Effects of glaciation and whole genome duplication on the distribution of the Campanula rotundifolia polyploid complex". American Journal of Botany. 105 (10): 1760–1770. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1162 . PMID   30312483.
  14. "Campanula rotundifolia". Jepson Herbarium. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  15. Ruta McGhan, Patricia J. "Harebell". Celebrating Wildflowers - Plant of the Week. U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  16. Rydberg, Per Axel (December 1921). "Phytogeographical notes on the Rocky Mountain region X. Grasslands and other open formation of the Montane Zone of the Southern Rockies". The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 48 (12). Torrey Botanical Society: 323–325. doi:10.2307/2480008. JSTOR   2480008.
  17. 1 2 Reed, E. L. (1 February 1917). "Meadow Vegetation in the Montane Region of Northern Colorado". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 44: 99, 100, 102, 105–108. doi:10.2307/2479536. JSTOR   2479536 . Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  18. Cockerell, T.D.A. (December 1910). "Some Bees from Eldora, Colorado". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 17 (6). Cambridge Entomological Club: 246. doi: 10.1155/1910/71484 .