Carolyn Porco

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Carolyn Porco
Carolyn Porco 01.jpg
Born (1953-03-06) March 6, 1953 (age 71)
Bronx, New York, U.S.
Alma mater California Institute of Technology
Stony Brook University
Known forLeader of Cassini Imaging Team; Discoveries about Saturn system; Member of Voyager Imaging Team; Expert in Planetary rings and Enceladus; The Day the Earth Smiled; Science communicator & public speaker; Film consultant.
Awards Porco asteroid; Lennart Nilsson Award (2009); AAS Carl Sagan Medal (2010); Caltech Distinguished Alumni Award (2011); Time 25 Most Influential People in Space (2012)
Scientific career
Fields Planetary science
Imaging science
Institutions Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations, University of Colorado at Boulder
Doctoral advisor Peter Goldreich

Carolyn C. Porco (born March 6, 1953) is an American planetary scientist who explores the outer Solar System, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the 1980s. She led the imaging science team on the Cassini mission in orbit around Saturn. [1] She is an expert on planetary rings and the Saturnian moon, Enceladus.

Contents

She has co-authored more than 110 scientific papers on subjects ranging from the spectroscopy of Uranus and Neptune, the interstellar medium, the photometry of planetary rings, satellite/ring interactions, computer simulations of planetary rings, the thermal balance of Triton's polar caps, heat flow in the interior of Jupiter, and a suite of results on the atmosphere, satellites, and rings of Saturn from the Cassini imaging experiment. [2] In 2013, Cassini data [3] confirmed a 1993 prediction [4] by Porco and Mark Marley that acoustic oscillations within the body of Saturn are responsible for creating particular features in the rings of Saturn.

Porco was founder of The Day the Earth Smiled. She was also responsible for the epitaph and proposal to honor the renowned planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker by sending his cremains to the Moon aboard the Lunar Prospector spacecraft in 1998. [5] [6]

A frequent public speaker, Porco has given two popular lectures at TED [7] [8] as well as the opening speech for Pangea Day, a May 2008 global broadcast coordinated from six cities around the world, in which she described the cosmic context for human existence. [9] Porco has also won a number of awards and honors for her contributions to science and the public sphere; for instance, in 2009, New Statesman named her as one of 'The 50 People Who Matter Today.' [10]

In 2010, Porco was awarded the Carl Sagan Medal, presented by the American Astronomical Society for Excellence in the Communication of Science to the Public. [11] In 2012, she was named one of the 25 most influential people in space by Time magazine. [12]

Early life and education

Porco was born in New York City. She graduated in 1970 from Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx, New York City.

She earned a B.S. degree in Earth and Space Sciences from Stony Brook University in 1974. [13] She received her Ph.D. degree in Planetary Sciences in 1983 from the California Institute of Technology in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences. [14] Supervised by dynamicist Peter Goldreich, she wrote her doctoral dissertation focused on Voyager discoveries in the rings of Saturn. [15]

Career

Voyager

In the fall of 1983, Porco joined the faculty of the Department of Planetary Sciences at the University of Arizona; the same year she was made a member of the Voyager Imaging Team. In the latter capacity, she was an active participant in the Voyager 2 encounters with Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989, leading the Rings Working Group within the Voyager Imaging Team during the Neptune encounter.

Porco was the first person to describe the behavior of the eccentric ringlets and the "spokes" discovered by Voyager within the rings of Saturn; to elucidate the mechanism by which the outer Uranian rings were being shepherded by the Voyager-discovered moons Cordelia and Ophelia; and to provide an explanation for the shepherding of the rings arcs of Neptune by the moon Galatea, also discovered by Voyager. She was a co-originator of the idea to take a 'portrait of the planets' with the Voyager 1 spacecraft, and participated in the planning, design, and execution of those images in 1990, including the famous Pale Blue Dot image of Earth. [16]

Cassini–Huygens

In November 1990, Porco was selected as the leader of the Imaging Team for the Cassini-Huygens mission, an international mission that successfully placed a spacecraft in orbit around Saturn and deployed the atmospheric Huygens probe to Saturn's largest satellite, Titan. [1] She is also the Director of the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPS), which was the center of uplink and downlink operations for the Cassini imaging science experiment and the place where Cassini images are processed for release to the public. [2] CICLOPS is part of the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

In the course of the ongoing mission, Porco and her team have discovered seven moons of Saturn: Methone and Pallene, [17] Polydeuces, [18] Daphnis, [19] Anthe, [20] Aegaeon, [21] and a small moonlet in the outer B ring. [22] They also found several new rings, such as rings coincident with the orbits of Atlas, Janus and Epimetheus (the Saturnian 'co-orbitals') and Pallene; a diffuse ring between Atlas and the F ring; and new rings within several of the gaps in Saturn's rings. [23]

In 2013, Cassini data confirmed a 1993 prediction by Porco and Mark Marley that acoustic oscillations within the body of Saturn are responsible for creating particular features in the rings of Saturn. [3] [4] This confirmation, the first to demonstrate that planetary rings can act like a seismograph in recording oscillatory motions within the host planet, should provide new constraints on the interior structure of Saturn. Such oscillations are known to exist in the sun [24] as well as other stars. [25]

Porco's team was responsible for the first sighting of a hydrocarbon lake, as well as a lake district, in the south polar region of Titan in June 2005. [26] (A group of similar – and larger – features were sighted in the north polar region in February 2007.) [27] The possibility that these sea-sized features are either completely or partially filled with liquid hydrocarbons is significantly strengthened by subsequent observations by other Cassini instruments. [28]

Her team was also responsible for the first sighting of plumes erupting from Enceladus, Saturn's sixth largest moon. They first suggested, and provided detailed scientific arguments, that these jets might be geysers erupting from reservoirs of near-surface liquid water under the south pole of the small moon. [29]

New Horizons

Porco was a member of the imaging team for the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt through 2014. The probe made its Pluto flyby in 2015.

The Day the Earth Smiled

As the Cassini imaging team lead, Porco initiated and planned the capture of a picture of Saturn with the Earth in the distance on July 19, 2013, [30] an image along the lines of the famous Pale Blue Dot photo. [31] The taking of the image was part of a larger concept entitled The Day The Earth Smiled, in which people the world over were invited to celebrate humanity's place in the cosmos and life on Earth by smiling the moment the picture was taken. [32]

University positions

Porco served in the faculty of the University of Arizona from 1983 to 2001, achieving tenured professorship in 1991. She taught both graduates and undergraduates and was one of five finalists for the University of Arizona Honors Center Five Star Faculty Award, a campus-wide student-nominated, student-judged award for outstanding undergraduate teaching.

Porco is a senior research scientist at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado, and she is an adjunct professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

NASA advisor

Porco has been an active participant in guiding the American planetary exploration program through membership on many important NASA advisory committees, including the Solar System Exploration Subcommittee, the Mars Observer Recovery Study Team, and the Solar System Road Map Development Team. In the mid-1990s, she served as the chairperson for a small NASA advisory working group to study and develop future outer solar system missions and she served as the Vice Chairperson of the Steering Group for the first Solar System Decadal Survey, sponsored by NASA and the National Academy of Sciences.

Public speaking

Porco speaks frequently on the Cassini mission and planetary exploration in general, and has appeared at renowned conferences such as PopTech 2005 [33] and TED (2007, 2009). [7] [8] She attended and was a speaker at the Beyond Belief symposium in November 2006. [34] [35]

Porco's 2007 TED talk, "The Human Journey," detailed two major areas of discovery made by the Cassini mission: the exploration of the Saturnian moons Titan and Enceladus. In her introductory remarks, Porco explained:

So the journey back to Saturn is really part of, and is also a metaphor for, a much larger human voyage.

In describing the environment of Titan, with its molecular nitrogen atmosphere suffused with organic compounds, Porco invited her audience to imagine the scene on the moon's surface:

Stop and think for a minute. Try to imagine what the surface of Titan might look like. It's dark: high noon on Titan is as dark as deep Earth twilight on the Earth. It's cold, it's eerie, it's misty, it might be raining, and you are standing on the shores of Lake Michigan brimming with paint thinner. That is the view that we had of the surface of Titan before we got there with Cassini. And I can tell you that what we have found on Titan, though not the same in detail, is every bit as fascinating as that story is, and for us, for Cassini people, it has been like a Jules Verne adventure come true.

After describing various features discovered on Titan by Cassini, and presenting the historic first photograph of Titan's surface by the Huygens lander, Porco went on to describe Enceladus and the jets of "fine icy particles" which erupt from the moon's southern pole:

...we have arrived at the conclusion that these jets may, they may, be erupting from pockets of liquid water near, under the surface of Enceladus. So we have, possibly, liquid water, organic materials and excess heat. In other words we have possibly stumbled upon the holy grail of modern-day planetary exploration, or in other words an environment that is potentially suitable for living organisms. And I don't think I need to tell you that the discovery of life elsewhere in our Solar system, whether it be on Enceladus or elsewhere, would have enormous cultural and scientific implications. Because if we could demonstrate that genesis had occurred – not once but twice, independently, in our Solar system – then that means by inference it has occurred a staggering number of times throughout our Universe in its 13.7 billion year history.

Porco's 2009 TED Talk was "Could a Saturn moon harbor life?". [8]

She was a speaker at the 2016 Reason Rally. [36]

Television and film

Porco has been a regular CNN guest analyst and consultant on astronomy, has made many radio and television appearances explaining science to the lay audience, including appearances on the MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour, CBS's 60 Minutes, Peter Jennings's The Century, and TV documentaries on planetary exploration such as The Planets on the Discovery Channel and the BBC, A Traveler's Guide to the Planets on the National Geographic Channel, Horizon on the BBC, and a Nova Cassini special on PBS. For the 2003 A&E special on the Voyager mission entitled Cosmic Journey: The Voyager Interstellar Mission and Message, Porco appeared onscreen and also served as the show's science advisor and animation director.

Porco served as an adviser for the 1997 film Contact , which was based on the 1987 novel of the same name by the well-known astronomer Carl Sagan. The actress Jodie Foster portrayed the heroine in the movie, and Sagan reportedly suggested that she use Porco as a real-life model to guide her performance. [37]

Porco was also an adviser on the 2009 film Star Trek . The scene in which the Enterprise comes out of warp drive into the atmosphere of Titan, and rises submarine-style out of the haze, with Saturn and the rings in the background, was Porco's suggestion. [38] [39]

Porco was a guest on the BBC's Stargazing Live Series 4 in January 2014. She also appeared in The Farthest , a 2017 documentary on the Voyager program.

Interviews and articles

Porco has given numerous interviews in print media on subjects ranging from planetary exploration to the conflict between science and religion (for example, Newsweek [40] [41] and the journal The Humanist [42] ).

She has been profiled many times in print, beginning in the Boston Globe (October 1989), [43] The New York Times (August 1999, September 2009), [37] [44] the Tucson Citizen (2001), [45] Newsday (June 2004), for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (2006), in Astronomy Now (2006), in Discover Magazine (2007), [46] and also online on CNN.com (2005) [47] and Edge.org. [48]

Prior to Cassini's launch, she was a strong and visible defendant of the usage of radioactive materials on the Cassini spacecraft. [44] She is a supporter of a plan for human spaceflight toward the Moon and Mars, and in an op-ed piece published in The New York Times, [49] she highlighted the benefits of a deep-space-capable heavy launch vehicle for the robotic exploration of the Solar System. Porco has advocated for prioritizing the exploration of Enceladus over Europa. [50]

Other

Popular science articles by Porco have been published in The Sunday Times, Astronomy , the Arizona Daily Star , Sky & Telescope , American Scientist , and Scientific American . She is active in the presentation of science to the public as the leader of the Cassini Imaging Team, as the creator/editor of the website where Cassini images are posted. She writes the site's homepage "Captain's Log" greeting to the public. [51] She is an atheist. [52]

She is also the CEO of Diamond Sky Productions, a small company devoted to the scientific, as well as artful, use of planetary images and computer graphics for the presentation of science to the public.

Awards and honors

In 1999, Porco was selected by The Sunday Times (London) as one of 18 scientific leaders of the 21st century, [53] and by Industry Week as one of 50 Stars to Watch. [54] In 2008 she was chosen to be on Wired magazine's inaugural 'Smart List: 15 People the Next President Should Listen To.' [55]

Her contributions to the exploration of the outer Solar System were recognized with the naming of Asteroid (7231) Porco which is "Named in honor of Carolyn C. Porco, a pioneer in the study of planetary ring systems...and a leader in spacecraft exploration of the outer solar system." [56]

In 2008, Porco was awarded the Isaac Asimov Science Award by the American Humanist Association. [57]

In May 2009, Porco received an Honorary D.Sc. degree from Stony Brook University, [58] [13] of which she is an alumna.

In September 2009, Porco was awarded The Huntington Library's Science Writer Fellowship for 2010. [59] That same month, New Statesman named her as one of 'The 50 People Who Matter Today.' [10]

In October 2009, she and Babak Amin Tafreshi were each awarded the 2009 Lennart Nilsson Award in recognition of their photographic work. The award panel's citation for Porco reads as follows:

Carolyn Porco combines the finest techniques of planetary exploration and scientific research with aesthetic finesse and educational talent. While her images, which depict the heavenly bodies of the Saturn system with unique precision, serve as tools for the world's leading experts, they also reveal the beauty of the universe in a manner that is an inspiration to one and all. [60]

In October 2010, Porco was awarded the 2010 Carl Sagan Medal for Excellence in the Communication of Science to the Public, presented by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences. [11]

In 2011 she won the Distinguished Alumni Award from the California Institute of Technology, the highest honor regularly bestowed by Caltech. [61]

In 2012, Porco was named one of the 25 most influential people in space by Time magazine. [12]

Porco received the Sikkens Prize  [ nl ] for her "exceptional contribution to a realistic and colourful image of the universe" in 2020, which was presented on October 2, 2022. [62]

Musical interests

Porco (at right) re-enacting the famous Beatles photograph at Abbey Road with the other members of the Cassini Imaging Team. Cassini team Abbey road.jpg
Porco (at right) re-enacting the famous Beatles photograph at Abbey Road with the other members of the Cassini Imaging Team.

Porco is fascinated by the 1960s and The Beatles and has, at times, incorporated references to The Beatles and their music into her presentations, writings, and press releases. She visited 20 Forthlin Road, Liverpool, Paul McCartney's teenage home, after it opened as a Beatles Museum in 1995. The first color image released by Cassini to the public was an image of Jupiter, taken during Cassini's approach to the giant planet and released on October 9, 2000, to honor John Lennon's 60th birthday. [63] In 2006, she produced and directed a brief 8-minute movie of 64 of Cassini's most spectacular images, [64] put to the music of the Beatles, in honor of Paul McCartney's 64th birthday. And in 2007, she produced a poster showing 64 scenes from Saturn. [65] [66]

Porco is also interested in dance and fascinated with Michael Jackson. In August 2010, she won a Michael Jackson costume/dance contest held in Boulder, Colorado. [67]

Quotes of Porco's were used in the production of "The Poetry of Reality (An Anthem for Science)", "A Wave of Reason", "Children of Africa (The Story of Us)", and "Onward to the Edge!" by Symphony of Science.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saturn</span> Sixth planet from the Sun

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine-and-a-half times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, but is over 95 times more massive. Even though Saturn is nearly the size of Jupiter, Saturn has less than one-third of Jupiter's mass. Saturn orbits the Sun at a distance of 9.59 AU (1,434 million km) with an orbital period of 29.45 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhea (moon)</span> Moon of Saturn

Rhea is the second-largest moon of Saturn and the ninth-largest moon in the Solar System, with a surface area that is comparable to the area of Australia. It is the smallest body in the Solar System for which precise measurements have confirmed a shape consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium. It was discovered in 1672 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini.

<i>Cassini–Huygens</i> Space research mission sent to the Saturnian system

Cassini–Huygens, commonly called Cassini, was a space-research mission by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) to send a space probe to study the planet Saturn and its system, including its rings and natural satellites. The Flagship-class robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's Cassini space probe and ESA's Huygens lander, which landed on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Cassini was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit, where it stayed from 2004 to 2017. The two craft took their names from the astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tethys (moon)</span> Moon of Saturn

Tethys, or Saturn III, is the fifth-largest moon of Saturn, measuring about 1,060 km (660 mi) across. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684, and is named after the titan Tethys of Greek mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iapetus (moon)</span> Moon of Saturn

Iapetus is the outermost of Saturn's large moons. With an estimated diameter of 1,469 km (913 mi), it is the third-largest moon of Saturn and the eleventh-largest in the Solar System. Named after the Titan Iapetus, the moon was discovered in 1671 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dione (moon)</span> Moon of Saturn

Dione, also designated Saturn IV, is the fourth-largest moon of Saturn. With a mean diameter of 1,123 km and a density of about 1.48 g/cm3, Dione is composed of an icy mantle and crust overlying a silicate rocky core, with rock and water ice roughly equal in mass. Its trailing hemisphere is marked by large cliffs and scarps called chasmata; the trailing hemisphere is also significantly darker compared to the leading hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enceladus</span> Natural satellite orbiting Saturn

Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn and the 19th-largest in the Solar System. It is about 500 kilometers in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. It is mostly covered by fresh, clean ice, making it one of the most reflective bodies of the Solar System. Consequently, its surface temperature at noon reaches only −198 °C, far colder than a light-absorbing body would be. Despite its small size, Enceladus has a wide variety of surface features, ranging from old, heavily cratered regions to young, tectonically deformed terrain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mimas</span> Moon of Saturn

Mimas, also designated Saturn I, is the seventh-largest natural satellite of Saturn. With a mean diameter of 396.4 kilometres or 246.3 miles, Mimas is the smallest astronomical body known to be roughly rounded in shape due to its own gravity. Mimas's low density, 1.15 g/cm3, indicates that it is composed mostly of water ice with only a small amount of rock, and study of Mimas's motion suggests that it may have a liquid ocean beneath its surface ice. The surface of Mimas is heavily cratered and shows little signs of recent geological activity. A notable feature of Mimas's surface is Herschel, one of the largest craters relative to the size of the parent body in the Solar System. Herschel measures 139 kilometres across, about one-third of Mimas's mean diameter, and formed from an extremely energetic impact event. The crater's name is derived from the discoverer of Mimas, William Herschel, in 1789. The moon's presence has created one of the largest 'gaps' in Saturn's ring, named the Cassini Division, due to orbital resonance destabilizing the particles' orbit there.

Timeline of <i>Cassini–Huygens</i> Timeline of notable events in the history of the Cassini–Huygens mission

This article provides a timeline of the Cassini–Huygens mission. Cassini was a collaboration between the United States' NASA, the European Space Agency ("ESA"), and the Italian Space Agency ("ASI") to send a probe to study the Saturnian system, including the planet, its rings, and its natural satellites. The Flagship-class uncrewed robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's Cassini probe, and ESA's Huygens lander which was designed to land on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Cassini was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit. The craft were named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moons of Saturn</span> Natural satellites of the planet Saturn

The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse, ranging from tiny moonlets only tens of meters across to the enormous Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury. There are 146 moons with confirmed orbits, the most of any planet in the solar system. This number does not include the many thousands of moonlets embedded within Saturn's dense rings, nor hundreds of possible kilometer-sized distant moons that were seen through telescopes but not recaptured. Seven Saturnian moons are large enough to have collapsed into a relaxed, ellipsoidal shape, though only one or two of those, Titan and possibly Rhea, are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium. Three moons are particularly notable. Titan is the second-largest moon in the Solar System, with a nitrogen-rich Earth-like atmosphere and a landscape featuring river networks and hydrocarbon lakes. Enceladus emits jets of ice from its south-polar region and is covered in a deep layer of snow. Iapetus has contrasting black and white hemispheres as well as an extensive ridge of equatorial mountains among the tallest in the solar system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methone (moon)</span> Moon of Saturn

Methone is a small, egg-shaped natural satellite of Saturn that orbits out past Saturn's ring system, between the orbits of Mimas and Enceladus. It was discovered in 2004, though it wasn't until 2012 that it was imaged in detail by the Cassini spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pallene (moon)</span> Moon of Saturn

Pallene is a very small natural satellite of Saturn. It is one of three small moons known as the Alkyonides that lie between the orbits of the larger Mimas and Enceladus. It is also designated Saturn XXXIII.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rings of Saturn</span> Planar assemblage of icy particles orbiting Saturn

The rings of Saturn are the most extensive and complex ring system of any planet in the Solar System. They consist of countless small particles, ranging in size from micrometers to meters, that orbit around Saturn. The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation. Although theoretical models indicated that the rings were likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history, newer data from Cassini suggested they formed relatively late.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daphnis (moon)</span> Moon of Saturn

Daphnis is an inner satellite of Saturn. It is also known as Saturn XXXV; its provisional designation was S/2005 S 1. Daphnis is about 8 kilometers in diameter, and orbits the planet in the Keeler Gap within the A ring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration of Saturn</span> Overview of the exploration of Saturn

The exploration of Saturn has been solely performed by crewless probes. Three missions were flybys, which formed an extended foundation of knowledge about the system. The Cassini–Huygens spacecraft, launched in 1997, was in orbit from 2004 to 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S/2009 S 1</span> Small moonlet in Saturns B ring

S/2009 S 1 is a moonlet embedded in the outer part of Saturn's B Ring, orbiting 117,000 km (73,000 mi) away from the planet. The moonlet was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Team during the Saturnian equinox event on 26 July 2009, when the Cassini spacecraft imaged the moonlet casting a 36 km (22 mi)-long shadow onto the B Ring. With a diameter of 300 m (1,000 ft), it is most likely a long-lived solid body, which would count it as the smallest and innermost known moon of Saturn.

<i>The Day the Earth Smiled</i> 2013 photograph of Saturn and Earth

The Day the Earth Smiled is a composite photograph taken by the NASA spacecraft Cassini on July 19, 2013. During an eclipse of the Sun, the spacecraft turned to image Saturn and most of its visible ring system, as well as Earth and the Moon as distant pale dots. The spacecraft had twice taken similar photographs in its previous nine years in orbit around the planet. The name also refers to the activities associated with the event, as well as to the photographic mosaic created from it.

Life Investigation For Enceladus (LIFE) was a proposed astrobiology mission concept that would capture icy particles from Saturn's moon Enceladus and return them to Earth, where they could be studied in detail for signs of life such as biomolecules.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Saturn:

Candice Joy Hansen-Koharcheck is a planetary scientist. She is responsible for the development and operation of the JunoCam, for which she received the NASA's Outstanding Public Leadership Medal in 2018.

References

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  2. 1 2 "Cassini Imaging Team Science Results". CICLOPS. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  3. 1 2 Hedman, M. M.; Nicholson, P. D. (2013). "Kronoseismology: Using density waves in Saturn's C ring to probe the planet's interior". The Astronomical Journal . 146 (1): 12. arXiv: 1304.3735 . Bibcode:2013AJ....146...12H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/1/12. S2CID   119109859.
  4. 1 2 Marley, M. S.; Porco, C. C. (1993). "Planetary Acoustic Mode Seismology: Saturn's Rings". Icarus . 106 (2): 508–524. Bibcode:1993Icar..106..508M. doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1189.
  5. ↑ Porco, C. C. (February 2000). "Destination Moon" (PDF). Astronomy . pp. 52–55.
  6. ↑ Porco, C. C. (April 13, 2006). "Eugene M. Shoemaker: A Tribute". CICLOPS. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  7. 1 2 Porco, C. C. (March 2007). "This is Saturn". TED. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 Porco, C. C. (February 2009). "Could a Saturn Moon Harbor Life?". TED. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Pangea Day Intro". YouTube. May 10, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  10. 1 2 "The 50 people who matter today: 31-40". New Statesman . September 24, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Cassini Imaging Leader Honored With American Astronomical Society Carl Sagan Award". CICLOPS. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  12. 1 2 Bjerklie, D. (Fall 2012). "The 25 Most Influential People in Space" (PDF). TIME . pp. 88–99. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Retiring SBU President Shirley Strum Kenny Confers Degrees At Her Final Commencement Ceremony". Stonybrook.edu. Stony Brook University.
  14. ↑ "Caltech Commencement Program" (PDF). Caltech Campus Publications. June 10, 1983. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  15. ↑ Thesis Carolyn Porco: Voyager Observations of Saturn's Rings. 1. The Eccentric Rings at 1.29, 1.45, 1.95 and 2.27 Rs. 2. The Periodic Variation of Spokes - website of the Library of Caltech
  16. ↑ Sagan, C. (1997). Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space . Ballantine Books. ISBN   978-0-345-37659-6.
  17. ↑ Porco, C. C. (2004). "S/2004 S 1 and S/2004 S 2". IAU Circular . 8389: 1. Bibcode:2004IAUC.8389....1P. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012.
  18. ↑ Porco, C. C. (2004). "Satellites and Rings of Saturn". IAU Circular. 8432: 1. Bibcode:2004IAUC.8432....1P.
  19. ↑ Porco, C. C. (2004). "S/2005 S 1". IAU Circular. 8524: 1. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012.
  20. ↑ Porco, C. C. (2007). "S/2007 S 4". IAU Circular. 8857: 1. Bibcode:2007IAUC.8857....2P.
  21. ↑ Porco, C. C. (2009). "S/2008 S 1". IAU Circular. 9023: 1. Bibcode:2009IAUC.9023....1P.
  22. ↑ Porco, C. C. (2009). "S/2009 S 1". IAU Circular. 9091: 1. Bibcode:2009IAUC.9091....1P.
  23. ↑ Porco, C. C. (February 2005). "Cassini Imaging Science: Initial Results on Saturn's Rings and Small Satellites". Science . 307 (5713): 1226–1236. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1226P. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.368.2642 . doi:10.1126/science.1108056. PMID   15731439. S2CID   1058405.
  24. ↑ Hiremath, K. M. (2013). "Seismology of the Sun: Inference of Thermal, Dynamic and Magnetic Field Structures of the Interior". New Trends in Atomic and Molecular Physics. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics. Vol. 76. pp. 317–341. arXiv: 1210.0467 . doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38167-6_19. ISBN   978-3-642-38166-9. S2CID   118407803.
  25. ↑ "Astroseismology". National Optical Astronomy Observatory. March 26, 1996. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Land of Lakes?". National Optical Astronomy Observatory . CICLOPS. June 28, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
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