Censorship in North Korea

Last updated

North Korea ranks among some of the most extreme censorship in the world, with the government able to take strict control over communications. North Korea sits at one of the lowest places of Reporters Without Borders' 2024 Press Freedom Index, [1] ranking 177 out of the 180 countries investigated.

Contents

All media outlets are owned and controlled by the North Korean government. As such, all media in North Korea get their news from the Korean Central News Agency. The media dedicate a large portion of their resources toward political propaganda and promoting the personality cult of the Kim family (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, [2] and Kim Jong Un). The government of Kim Jong Un still has absolute authority over and control of the press and information and has been repeatedly ranked one of the top 5 countries in the world with the least amount of media freedom. [3]

Impact of censorship

Censorship is a form of media monopoly, where the government oversees all media content in order to maintain obedience. North Korea utilizes a three-tiered approach to control its citizens at the ideological, physical, and institutional level. [4] This applies not only to North Korean residents but also to visitors. [5]

While this media censorship is harmful for many due to its harsh punishments for those who obtain unapproved content, it is most destructive to children. Since children are more impressionable, they are easier to manipulate, and North Korea takes advantage of this by pushing its own agenda. Kim Jong Un only prioritizes what he deems to be pertinent information, forcing adolescents to think the same as their leader, without any hope for change. [6]

As for adults, the UN Commission of Inquiry (COI) acknowledges multiple violations of human rights in North Korea that are connected to censorship and governmental control, specifically violations of freedom of thought and expression. [7]

Some of the human rights violations have been documented in a report by the U.S. Department of State. They include but are not limited to forced labor, rape and forced abortions. [8] One official documented in the report is Ri Thae-chol, who is a first vice minister of the Ministry of People's Security. The MPS oversees and operates labor camps that are known for their abuse and torture of its citizens.

Journalists' safety is also impacted by censorship. According to Reporters Without Borders the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) restricts and controls the production and distribution of information while also prohibiting independent journalism. Over the years journalists in North Korea have faced many safety hazards when working in the field. They have been arrested, deported, sent to forced labor camps, and killed. [9]

History

Kim Il Sung (Leader from 1948–1994)

Mural of Kim Il-sung outside Songdowon Hotel, Wonsan Mural outside Songdowon Hotel, Wonsan.jpg
Mural of Kim Il-sung outside Songdowon Hotel, Wonsan

Kim Il Sung was born an ordinary man named Kim Sung-ju on April 15, 1912, at the peak of European and Japanese imperialism. Kim Il Sung's tenure was marked by human rights abuses, such as prison camps and harsh censorship. [10] Kim Il Sung's policies are still in effect as of July 2023. According to Freedom House, as of 2015, all local North Korean media outlets are run by the state. Radios and television sets are modified to receive only approved channels. [11]

North Korea's biggest economic, political, and military aid under Kim Il Sung was the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin reportedly handpicked Kim Il Sung, who was a fluent Russian speaker, to lead North Korea in 1948. [12] Soviet influence in North Korea was endorsed under Kim Il Sung. The degree of censorship seen in North Korea today began with the nationalization of major industries, labor reforms, and the seizure of privately owned land.[ citation needed ] North Korea maintains a cult of personality around Kim Il Sung as of 2017. [13]

1946–present: The Korean Central News Agency

Propaganda in North Korea Propaganda of North Korea (6073884618).jpg
Propaganda in North Korea

The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) is the state news agency of North Korea. The KCNA was established on December 5, 1946. The agency publishes the views of the North Korean government for foreign news outlets to consume and cite. According to its website, the KCNA "speaks for the Workers' Party of Korea and the [North Korean] government". It is the primary method by which the North Korean government publishes its views outside of the country. [14]

The KCNA is responsible for all news in North Korea and also distributes photos. Their content is available in Korean, English, Spanish, and Japanese. From January 1, 2011, the site also began offering video. The KCNA often broadcasts North Korean propaganda. It has also reported alleged achievements of North Korea, such as its alleged space program and its standard of living as compared to the United States. These claims have been proven false.[ citation needed ] The KCNA frequently publishes articles concerning "imperialism" from the United States and South Korea. [15] The KCNA acts as the nation's public relations and multimedia firm, with news that is not dissimilar to propaganda. South Korea's Ministry of Defence maintains a group of readers who try to interpret the significance of the news agency's output. Some themes the KCNA consistently covers include denouncing the actions of the United States and Japan as well as promoting the celebrity and personality of Kim Jong Un and Kim Jong-Il. Their 2,000 employees are under strict control to make sure they report in favor of their country.

Kim Jong Il (Leader from 1994–2011)

Kim Jong Il was made commander-in-chief and head of the military affairs commission by his father Kim Il Sung in the spring of 1994. Later that year in July, Kim Il Sung died. Kim Jong Il became the next member of the Kim dynasty to govern North Korea. [16] Kim Jong Il upheld his father's authoritarian regime and strict censorship. He was known for using military propaganda to distract North Korean citizens from their lack of freedoms and access to outside information. Despite only giving citizens access to hyper-militarized government propaganda, many cell phones and DVDs were obtained illegally under Kim Jong Il. [17]

In 1983, Kim Jong Il's book The Great Teacher of Journalists was translated into English. In this book, Kim Jong Il guides journalists to take the best pictures of their leader, study their leader's works, and instill loyalty to their leader in others. Kim Jong Il includes stories of his remarkable feats in this book, detailing a time when he saved a reporter from death and when he edited a writer's political essay to perfection. [18]

2004–2008: Cell phone ban

The North Korean government has implemented policies to prevent outside sources of information from reaching the people of North Korea. Starting in the 1990s when famine overtook the country, traders used cell phones as a means to illegally bring food and goods across the border. [19]

In December 2008 Orascom Telecom, an Egyptian company introduced North Korea to Koryolink, a 3G network. Internet access is permitted only for foreign travelers or the elite. [20] By 2015, three million North Koreans had subscribed to Koryolink. Users of Koryolink must apply for permission to subscribe and are “subject to controls and surveillance by at least eight ministries and organizations between the party, state and army.” The network does not allow any access to international calls. Users sometimes will receive propaganda messages. [21]

In 2013, foreigners were granted 3G mobile phone Internet access by monthly data plan; the service could be implemented via USB modem or SIM Card. [20] Recently, with more government awareness of alternative access to external information, increased security measures to eliminate these resources have been enacted. [22] This includes higher border security where illicit cell phones gain access to China's mobile networks. [19]

These phones could be vehicles for releasing detailed news of harsh ruling within the country which is prohibited. Beyond punishment for those using phones within the country, a danger exists for escapees spreading knowledge of the country's extreme laws. Text messages and cell phone photographs are sent to external journalists and activists in South Korea to spread knowledge of the conditions. Some North Koreans act as journalists and sources by sending information and sharing stories. Prominent news accounts surrounding Kim Jong Un's ankle surgery and his wife, Ri Sol-ju's 2012 pregnancy were released from these insiders. [19]

As social media and news applications via smartphones become the common thread of news outlets, North Korea pushes further curtailment. A tightly controlled cyberspace exists within the country where a small number of upper-class citizens have access to an intranet, called Kwangmyong. [23] In contrast to the otherwise global World Wide Web, this independent resource provides communication between industry, universities, and government. It is used to spread information through chats and emails which are both monitored and filtered by the government, allowing only a select group of researchers, propagandists, and media workers to access state media and items which have been removed from the public's Internet.

Kim Jong Un (Leader from 2011–present)

Kim Jong-un in April 2019 Kim Jong-un April 2019 (cropped).jpg
Kim Jong-un in April 2019

Kim Jong Un continues his predecessors' rule and worked to consolidate power since becoming the supreme leader of North Korea on December 28, 2011. [24] He ordered the execution of his uncle, Jang Song-thaek, and allegedly commanded the assassination of his older half-brother, Kim Jong-nam. [25]

Kim Jong Un keeps North Korea under his surveillance through extreme censorship. As of April 2020, the regime has a press freedom score from the World Press Freedom Index rankings (made by Reporters Without Borders) of 83.4, with 100 being the worst score, and is ranked last in global rankings of 180 countries. [26] North Korean journalists must belong to the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and adjust their reportings to positively reflect Kim Jong Un's leadership. Foreign media are not welcomed and are often used as scapegoats by North Korean media. [27] A U.S. State Department report noted that failure to follow strict guidelines as set forth by the WPK can lead to imprisonment, forced labor, or death. [28]

Human rights violations in North Korea raise global concern. Kim Jong Un's regime is notorious for torture, mysterious disappearances, and sexual violence. Each layer of the government is structured to expel potential political threats and disseminate the ideology of Kim Jong Un, and those who attempt to circumvent censorship face steep consequences. [28]

Radio and television censorship

Radio or television sets that can be bought in North Korea are preset to receive only the government frequencies and sealed with a label to prevent tampering with the equipment. It is a serious criminal offence to manipulate the sets and receive radio or television broadcasts from outside North Korea. In a party campaign in 2003, the head of each party cell in neighborhoods and villages received instructions to verify the seals on all radio sets. [29]

According to the Daily NK , it is possible to broadcast news for North Korea through short-wave radio. Possessing a short-wave radio is against the law in North Korea, but the radios are allegedly confiscated and resold by corrupted agents of the secret police. [30]

High-ranking officials have access to cellphones and the internet while others are limited to the programed government stations that broadcast propaganda. Every television is monitored and inspected throughout each year to ensure there are no outside stations being transmitted illegally. Additionally, songs heard on both televisions and radios are supervised to be based on praising communism and the party leaders, with the superstition that members of the Kim family are writing them. [4]

"A Quiet Opening: North Koreans in a Changing Media Environment," a study commissioned by the U.S. State Department and conducted by InterMedia and released May 10, 2012, found that despite strict regulations, North Koreans, particularly the elites, have increased access to news and other media outside the state-controlled media authorized by the government. While access to the internet is controlled, radio and DVDs are common media accessed, and in border areas, television. [31] [32] Up to one in two urban households own a Notel (also called Notetel), a portable media player made in China which has been popular in North Korea since about 2005 and was legalized in 2014 and has been credited with facilitating the extension of the " Korean Wave " (Hallyu, the increase of the popularity of South Korean pop culture internationally) into North Korea. [33] [34] [35]

As of 2011, USB flash drives were selling well in North Korea, primarily used for watching South Korean dramas and films on personal computers. [36]

Journalism

North Korea is ranked second to the bottom of the Press Freedom Index rankings published annually by Reporters Without Borders. From 2002 through 2006, the country was listed as the worst in the world, and from 2007 to 2016, it was listed second to last (behind Eritrea) of some 180 countries. [37] [38] [39] [40] In 2017 and 2018, North Korea was ranked the worst again. [41] In 2019, it was rated second to last, above Turkmenistan. [42] In 2020, it was once again ranked last. [26]

Internet policies

In 2006, Julien Pain, head of the Internet Desk at Reporters Without Borders, described North Korea as the world's worst Internet black hole, [43] in its list of the top 13 Internet enemies. [44]

Internet access is not generally available in North Korea. Only some high-level officials and foreigners are allowed to access the global internet. [45] In most universities, a small number of strictly monitored computers are provided. Other citizens may get access only to the country's national intranet, called Kwangmyong. [46] Content on Kwangmyong is curated by Korea Computer Center. [47] Foreigners can access the internet using the 3G phone network. [48] [49] However, the IT industry has been growing and Internet access is starting to increase within North Korea. [50] With few exceptions, Kwangmyong is completely separate from the global internet as a means for North Korea to use private state-controlled resources which is completely regulated by the regime. [51] This intranet is difficult for foreign adversaries to access, and therefore allows the country to maintain its own private internet.

The North Korean Ullim, an Android-based tablet computer available since 2014, has a high level of inbuilt surveillance and controls. The tablet takes screenshots of apps opened by the user and saves browsing history. [52] The tablet also only allows access to a limited number of approved applications, shares watermarking data to track the distribution of content between people and only allows users to access content created on the tablet or from the tablet. [52] Content sent from other users or third party platforms cannot be accessed.

As of 2022, ordinary citizens with mobile devices do not have access to the global internet. Instead, these individuals are only able to access Kwangmyong, that is operated by the country. In terms of global internet access, this privilege is only granted to a small number of North Korean elites. [53] Internet access is restricted to military and government business. [51]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korea</span> Country in East Asia

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.

Telecommunications in North Korea refers to the communication services available in North Korea. North Korea has not fully adopted mainstream Internet technology due to some restrictions on foreign interventions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean Central News Agency</span> North Korean state news agency

The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) (Korean: 조선중앙통신) is the state news agency of North Korea. The agency portrays the views of the North Korean government for both domestic and foreign consumption. It was established on December 5, 1946, and now features online coverage.

The human rights record of North Korea is often considered to be the worst in the world and has been globally condemned, with the United Nations and groups such as Human Rights Watch having condemned it. Amnesty International considers North Korea to have no contemporary parallel with respect to violations of liberty.

Censorship in South Korea is implemented by various laws that were included in the constitution as well as acts passed by the National Assembly over the decades since 1948. These include the National Security Act, whereby the government may limit the expression of ideas that it perceives "praise or incite the activities of anti-state individuals or groups". Censorship was particularly severe during the country's authoritarian era, with freedom of expression being non-existent, which lasted from 1948 to 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kim Jong Un</span> Leader of North Korea since 2011

Kim Jong Un is a North Korean politician and dictator who has been the third Supreme Leader of North Korea since December 2011 and general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) since 2012. He is the third son of Kim Jong Il, who was the second supreme leader of North Korea, and a grandson of Kim Il Sung, the founder and first supreme leader of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kwangmyong (network)</span> North Korean national intranet

Kwangmyong is a North Korean national intranet service opened in the early 2000s. The Kwangmyong intranet system stands in contrast to the global Internet in North Korea, which is available to fewer people in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda in North Korea</span> Information dissemination by the North Korean government

Propaganda is widely used and produced by the government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Most propaganda is based on the Juche ideology, veneration of the ruling Kim family, the promotion of the Workers' Party of Korea, and hostilities against both the Republic of Korea and the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supreme Leader (North Korean title)</span> Political term for the top leader in North Korea

The supreme leader of North Korea is the de facto hereditary leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea, the state and the Korean People's Army. Each individual North Korean leader have assumed different offices and positions, and different titles were used in North Korean propaganda that could be translated from Korean as "Great Leader", "Dear Leader", or "Supreme Leader".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kim Yong-ju</span> Kim Il Sungs brother (1920–2021)

Kim Yong-ju was a North Korean politician and the younger brother of Kim Il Sung, who ruled North Korea from 1948 to 1994. Under his brother's rule, Kim Yong-ju held key posts including Politburo member in the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) during the 1960s and early 1970s, but he fell out of favour in 1974 following a power struggle with Kim Jong Il. From 1998 until his death in 2021, he held the ceremonial position of Honorary Vice President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), North Korea's parliament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korean cult of personality</span> Veneration of the ruling Kim family in North Korea

The North Korean cult of personality surrounding the Kim family has existed in North Korea for decades and can be found in many examples of North Korean culture. Although not acknowledged by the North Korean government, many defectors and Western visitors state there are often stiff penalties for those who criticize or do not show "proper" respect for the former leaders of the country, Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, officially referred to as "eternal leaders of Korea". The personality cult began soon after Kim Il Sung took power in 1948, and was greatly expanded after his death in 1994.

Jang Jin-sung is the pseudonym of a North Korean poet and government official who defected to South Korea. He had worked as a psychological warfare officer within the United Front Department of the Korean Workers' Party. Jang specifically worked within the United Front Department Section 5 (Literature), Division 19 (Poetry) of Office 101. Office 101 created propaganda intended to encourage South Korean sympathy for North Korea. One of Jang's job duties was to create poetry under a South Korean pseudonym Kim Kyong-min and in a South Korean style. His poetry was intended for distribution within South Korea.

NK News is an American subscription-based news website that provides stories and analysis about North Korea. Established in 2011, it is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea with reporters in Washington, D.C., and London. Reporting is based on information collected from in-country sources, recently returned western visitors to North Korea, stories filed by the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), interviews with defectors, and reports published by NGOs and western governments. The site's founder and Managing Director is Chad O'Carroll, a former employee of the German Marshall Fund, who has written on North Korea and North Korea issues for The Daily Telegraph.

Media coverage of North Korea is hampered by an extreme lack of reliable information, coupled with an abundant number of sensationalist falsehoods. There are a number of reasons for this lack of information and incorrect stories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass surveillance in North Korea</span>

Mass surveillance in North Korea is a routine practice employed throughout the country. North Korea "operates a vast network of informants who monitor and report to the authorities fellow citizens they suspect of criminal or subversive behavior." North Korea has been described as a "massive police state", and its people "under constant surveillance".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda and Agitation Department</span> Department of the Workers Party of Korea

The Propaganda and Agitation Department, officially translated as the Publicity and Information Department, is a department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) tasked with coordinating the creation and dissemination of propaganda in North Korea. It is the highest propaganda organization in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kim Jong Un bibliography</span>

Kim Jong Un has been the supreme leader of North Korea since the death of Kim Jong Il in 2011.

The Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House is the principal publishing house of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and one of the two main publishers in the country. It publishes magazines and books on politics, such as the works of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, posters and works of fiction. The current director-general and editor-in-chief is Ri Yong-chol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ri Yong-suk</span> North Korean politician (1916–2021)

Ri Yong-suk was a North Korean politician and revolutionary. A veteran of the anti-Japanese struggle, Ri had close relations with all three generations of the Kim dynasty. During WWII, she was with Kim Il Sung in the Soviet 88th Separate Rifle Brigade. During the Korean War, she took care of Kim Jong Il, eldest son and future heir of Kim Il Sung. Under Kim Jong Un, she was portrayed as a link between the original guerrilla generation and the current leadership. Ri was elected to the Supreme People's Assembly in 1998 and 2003.

References

  1. ↑ "Index | RSF". rsf.org. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  2. ↑ "Kim Jong Il's leadership, key to victory". Naenara . Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2006.
  3. ↑ "North Korea ranked the world worst in Freedom of Press". Voice of America. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Censorship: Background and Ideology — Censorship and Government Regulation of Music". wordpress.clarku.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  5. ↑ reserved, VTNV Solutions Limited https://www le-vpn com Sitemap © 2022 Le VPN All rights. "Internet Censorship in North Korea". Le VPN. Retrieved 2022-10-20.{{cite web}}: External link in |first= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ "North Korean Censorship of Literature and How it Affects Children | YA Literary Globetrotters". u.osu.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  7. ↑ King, Robert R. (15 May 2019). "North Koreans Want External Information, But Kim Jong-Un Seeks to Limit Access". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  8. ↑ "Report on Serious Human Rights Abuses or Censorship in North Korea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  9. ↑ "North Korea | RSF". rsf.org. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  10. ↑ Hyun Sik, Kim (6 October 2009). "The Secret History of Kim Jong-il". Foreign policy. www.foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  11. ↑ "North Korea". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  12. ↑ Robertson, Phil. "Kim Il-sung's catastrophic rights legacy". HRW. Retrieved 27 September 2017.[ permanent dead link ]
  13. ↑ Richardson, Christopher (16 February 2015). "North Korea's Kim Dynasty". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  14. ↑ Harlan, Chico. "In North Korea, the State-Run News Agency Is the Weapon of Choice". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  15. ↑ Weiser, Martin (31 October 2016). "On Reading North Korean Media: The Curse of the Web". SinoNK.com. Sino-NK. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  16. ↑ Linton, Stephen (1996). "North Korea under the Son". The Washington Quarterly. 19 (2): 3–17. doi:10.1080/01636609609550194.
  17. ↑ Lee, Kristine (2011). "No Revolution Here". Harvard International Review. 33 (2): 8–9. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  18. ↑ Barrett, Liz Cox (2013). "Elements of Gangnam style". Columbia Journalism Review. 51 (5): 48. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  19. 1 2 3 Sang-hun, Choe (26 March 2016). "North Koreans Rely on Smuggled Cellphones to Connect to the Outside World". The New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  20. 1 2 Tong-hyung, Kim; Youkyung, Lee. "Look At How Bizarre North Korea's 'Internet' Is". BusinessInsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  21. ↑ "North Korea Encouraging Internet, Cellphone Use so it can Better Spy on Citizens". GlobalNews.ca. Global News. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  22. ↑ Ki-cheol, Kim. "New Ban on Select Cell Phones in North Korea". NewFocusIntl.com. New Focus. Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  23. ↑ Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (16 February 2017). "Here's What Making Cell Phone Calls in North Korea Sounds Like". Vice.com. Vice. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  24. ↑ "North Korea Profile-Leaders". BBC News.
  25. ↑ Goldman, Russell (15 March 2017). "DNA Confirms Assassination Victim Was Half Brother of Kim Jong-un, Malaysia Says". The New York Times .
  26. 1 2 "2020 World Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders.
  27. ↑ Sedaghat, Nouran. "NORTH KOREA EXPOSED: CENSORSHIP IN THE WORLD'S MOST SECRETIVE STATE". Canadian Journalists for Free Expression. Archived from the original on 2021-03-17. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  28. 1 2 "Report on Human Rights Abuses or Censorship in North Korea". U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
  29. ↑ "Radio gives hope to North and South Koreans". CNN Asia. February 27, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  30. ↑ Kevin Kane (5 March 2007). "Private Citizens Liberating North Korea with Shortwave Radio". Daily NK . Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  31. ↑ "Illicit access to foreign media is changing North Koreans' worldview, study says". The Washington Post. Associated Press. May 10, 2012. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  32. ↑ Nat Kretchun; Jane Kim (May 10, 2012). "A Quiet Opening: North Koreans in a Changing Media Environment" (PDF). InterMedia. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012. The primary focus of the study was on the ability of North Koreans to access outside information from foreign sources through a variety of media, communication technologies, and personal sources. The relationship between information exposure on North Koreans' perceptions of the outside world and their own country was also analyzed (11 years ago).
  33. ↑ Pearson, James (March 27, 2015). "The $50 device that symbolizes a shift in North Korea". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  34. ↑ "Cheap Chinese EVD player spreads S. Korean culture in N. Korea". Yonhap . October 22, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Diffusion de la vague coréenne "hallyu" au Nord par TV portable". Yonhap News Agency (in French). October 22, 2013.
  36. ↑ "North Korea's Nascent Consumerism". Asia Sentinel. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  37. ↑ "Worldwide press freedom index". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  38. ↑ "World Press Freedom Index". Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Map". 2014 World Press Freedom Index. Reporters Without Borders. 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  40. ↑ "Map". 2016 World Press Freedom Index. Reporters Without Borders. 2016. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  41. ↑ "North Korea". Reporters Without Borders. 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  42. ↑ "2019 World Press Freedom Index | RSF". Reporters Without Borders.
  43. ↑ "The Internet Black Hole That Is North Korea". The New York Times . October 23, 2006.
  44. ↑ "List of the 13 Internet enemies". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  45. ↑ "Freedom of the Press: North Korea". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  46. ↑ Eric Talmadge (23 February 2014). "North Korea: Where the Internet has just 5,500 sites". Toronto Star. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  47. ↑ Sedaghat, Nouran. "North Korea exposed: Censorship in the world's most secretive state". Archived from the original on May 9, 2015.
  48. ↑ "North Korea to offer mobile internet access". BBC. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  49. ↑ Caitlin Dewey (26 February 2013). "Instagrams from within North Korea lift the veil, but only slightly". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  50. ↑ Lee, Jean H. (2011-07-25). "North Korea's 'Digital Revolution' Under Way". Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
  51. 1 2 "North Korea 2022: Intelligence Assessment". Analyst1. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  52. 1 2 Williams, Martyn (3 March 2017). "All That Glitters Is Not Gold: A Closer Look at North Korea's Ullim Tablet". 38 North . U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  53. ↑ "North Korea: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.