National intranet

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A national intranet is an Internet Protocol-based walled garden network maintained by a nation state as a national substitute for the global Internet, with the aim of controlling and monitoring the communications of its inhabitants, as well as restricting their access to outside media. [1] Other names have been used, such as the use of the term halal internet in Islamic countries.

Contents

Such networks generally come with access to state-controlled media and national alternatives to foreign-run Internet services: search engines, web-based email, and so forth. [2]

List of countries with national intranets

Myanmar

Myanmar before 2011, while it was ruled by a military junta, used to have a separate intranet for domestic use called Myanmar Wide Web. [3]

Cuba

Cuba has its own state-controlled intranet called national web. [4] [5] [6] [7]

North Korea

North Korea's Kwangmyong network, dating back to 2000, is the best-known of this type of network. Cuba and Myanmar also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet. [8] The network uses domain names under the .kp top-level domain that are not accessible from the global Internet. [9] As of 2016 the network uses IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks in the 10.0.0.0/8 range. [9]

Russia

In 2020 Russia tested internal internet known as RuNet (Internet in the Russian Federation). [10]

China

A primary insight flows from our research and it pertains to the stability of China’s internet: the internet in China is a walled garden in terms of structure yet at the same time dependent upon Western Europe and the United States for foreign connectivity. [11] [12] [13] Put plainly, in terms of resilience, China could effectively withdraw from the global public internet and maintain domestic connectivity (essentially having an intranet). [14] [15] [16] This means the rest of the world could be restricted from connecting into China, and vice versa for external connections for Chinese businesses/users. [17] [18] [19]

Iran

The National Information Network of Iran works like the Great Firewall of China. [20] [21] [22] In April 2011, a senior Iranian official, Ali Agha-Mohammadi announced government plans to launch its own halal internet, which would conform to Islamic values and provide appropriate services. [23] Creating such a network, similar to the North Korean example, would prevent unwanted information from outside Iran getting into the closed system. [8] The Iranian walled garden would have its own localized email service and search engine. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

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The Great Firewall is the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the Internet domestically. Its role in internet censorship in China is to block access to selected foreign websites and to slow down cross-border internet traffic. The Great Firewall operates by checking transmission control protocol (TCP) packets for keywords or sensitive words. If the keywords or sensitive words appear in the TCP packets, access will be closed. If one link is closed, more links from the same machine will be blocked by the Great Firewall. The effect includes: limiting access to foreign information sources, blocking foreign internet tools and mobile apps, and requiring foreign companies to adapt to domestic regulations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psiphon</span> Free and open-source internet circumvention tool

Psiphon is a free and open-source Internet censorship circumvention tool that uses a combination of secure communication and obfuscation technologies, such as a VPN, SSH, and a Web proxy. Psiphon is a centrally managed and geographically diverse network of thousands of proxy servers, using a performance-oriented, single- and multi-hop routing architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freegate</span> Internet software utility

Freegate is a software application developed by Dynamic Internet Technology (DIT) that enables internet users to view websites blocked by their governments. The program takes advantage of a range of proxy servers called Dynaweb. This allows users to bypass Internet firewalls that block web sites by using DIT's Peer-to-peer (P2P)-like proxy network system. FreeGate's anti-censorship capability is further enhanced by a new, unique encryption and compression algorithm in the versions of 6.33 and above. Dynamic Internet Technology estimates Freegate had 200,000 users in 2004. The maintainer and CEO of DIT is Bill Xia.

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The internet in Cuba covers telecommunications in Cuba including the Cuban grassroots wireless community network and Internet censorship in Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kwangmyong (network)</span> North Korean "walled garden" national internet

Kwangmyong is a North Korean "walled garden" national intranet service opened in the early 2000s. The Kwangmyong intranet system stands in contrast to the global Internet in North Korea, which is available to fewer people in the country.

The Cuban government directly prevents access to certain websites. While preventing access to certain websites is present, it is not particularly extensive. Limited access to the Internet through limited internet infrastructure is the main problem with Internet access in Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Splinternet</span> Characterization of the Internet as splintering and dividing

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fang Binxing</span> Chinese internet engineer; father of the Great Firewall

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GreatFire (GreatFire.org) is a website that monitors the status of websites censored by the Great Firewall of China and helps Chinese Internet users circumvent the censorship and blockage of websites in China. The site was first launched in 2011 by an anonymous trio. GreatFire is funded by sources inside and outside China, including the US-government-backed Open Technology Fund.

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The National Information Network (NIN) (Persian: شبکۀ ملی اطلاعات, Shabake-ye Melli-ye Ettelā'āt), also known as National Internet in Iran and the Iranian intranet, is an ongoing project to develop a secure, stable infrastructure network and national intranet in Iran.

References

  1. ↑ "The Great Firewall of China". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  2. ↑ "Putin brings China's Great Firewall to Russia in cybersecurity pact". the Guardian. 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  3. ↑ Deibert, Ronald; Palfrey, John; Rohozinski, Rafal; Zittrain, Jonathan (2008-01-25). Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering. MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-29072-2.
  4. ↑ Scola, Nancy. "Wait, Cuba has its own Internet?". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  5. ↑ "Cuba - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  6. ↑ "More Cubans have local intranet, mobile phones". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  7. ↑ Harrison Jacobs (Sep 6, 2018). "Is there internet in Cuba?". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  8. 1 2 Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi (May 28, 2011). "Iran Vows to Unplug Internet". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  9. 1 2 Mäkeläinen, Mika (14 May 2016). "Yle Pohjois-Koreassa: Kurkista suljetun maan omaan tietoverkkoon" [Yle in North Korea: Peek into the Network of the Closed Country] (in Finnish). Yle . Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  10. ↑ "Russia Takes a Big Step Toward Internet Isolation". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  11. ↑ Denyer, Simon (2016-05-23). "China's scary lesson to the world: Censoring the Internet works". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  12. ↑ Chao, Loretta (2010-12-21). "'Father' of China's Great Firewall Shouted Off Own Microblog". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  13. ↑ Martina, Paul Carsten, Michael (2016-04-08). "U.S. says China internet censorship a burden for businesses". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-02-21.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "How China's Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  15. ↑ Siegel, Rachel. "Search result not found: China bans Wikipedia in all languages". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  16. ↑ "TLS certificate blunder revisited – whither China Internet Network Information Center?". Naked Security. 2015-04-14. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  17. ↑ Dave Allen (July 19, 2019). "Analysis by Oracle Internet Intelligence Highlights China's Unique Approach to Connecting to the Global Internet". Oracle. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  18. ↑ Mozur, Paul (2015-09-14). "Baidu and CloudFlare Boost Users Over China's Great Firewall (Published 2015)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  19. ↑ "How China's social media users created a new language to beat censorship on COVID-19". www.amnesty.org. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  20. ↑ "Iran To Work With China To Create National Internet System". www.rferl.org. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  21. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Freedom on the Net 2018 - Iran". Refworld. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  22. ↑ "What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran". Centre for International Governance Innovation. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  23. ↑ "Iran clamps down on Internet use", Saeed Kamali Dehghan, The Guardian, 5 January 2012
  24. ↑ Ryan Paul (April 10, 2012). "Iran moving ahead with plans for national intranet". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
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