Cephalanthera austiniae

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Cephalanthera austiniae
Phantom Orchid Gowlland-Tod2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Genus: Cephalanthera
Species:
C. austiniae
Binomial name
Cephalanthera austiniae
Synonyms [1]
  • Chloraea austiniaeA.Gray
  • Epipactis austiniae(A.Gray) Wettst.
  • Limodorum austiniae(A.Gray) Kuntze
  • Eburophyton austiniae(A.Gray) A.Heller
  • Serapias austiniae(A.Gray) A.A.Eaton
  • Cephalanthera oreganaRchb.f.
  • Chloraea oreganaNutt. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
  • Epipactis oregana(Rchb.f.) Wettst.
  • Limodorum oreganum(Rchb.f.) Kuntze

Cephalanthera austiniae is a species of orchid known as the phantom orchid and snow orchid [2] because the entire plant is white except for a few yellow markings on the flowers.

Contents

The orchid is native to the western United States (California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho), and to British Columbia, Canada. Cephalanthera austiniae is the only species of genus Cephalanthera native to the Western Hemisphere. [1] [2] [3]

This is also the only Cephalanthera species entirely dependent on symbiotic mycorrhizae for its nutrition. This mycoheterotrophic orchid has no chlorophyll, so it makes no energy for itself.

Description

Cephalanthera austiniae is a distinctive plant, rising from the dark, moist forest floor on waxy white stems and bearing orchid blossoms which are white or yellowish with yellow centers. Its leaves, if present, are rudimentary since such structures are not needed for collecting sunlight. [2] Instead, this mycoheterotroph derives both its energy and nutrients from ectomycorrhizal fungi representing a variety of taxa within the Thelephoraceae [4]

Conservation

The plant is becoming more scarce as its habitat—dense, isolated forest—becomes more rare. Climate change models forecast decline and possible extinction of this species by the year 2100 [5] The plant is listed as apparently secure globally but endangered within its range in British Columbia. [6]

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References

  1. 1 2 "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". wcsp.science.kew.org.
  2. 1 2 3 "Cephalanthera austiniae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org.
  3. Biota of North America Program
  4. Taylor, D. L.; Bruns, T. D. (1997-04-29). "Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (9): 4510–4515. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.9.4510 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   20753 . PMID   9114020.
  5. Kolanowska, M., Kras, M., Lipińska, M. et al. Global warming not so harmful for all plants - response of holomycotrophic orchid species for the future climate change. Sci Rep 7, 12704 (2017). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13088-7
  6. Gray, Heller. "Cephalanthera austiniae (A. Gray) A. Heller Phantom Orchid". North American Orchid Center . Retrieved August 6, 2024.

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