| Cereeae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cereus repandus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Tribe: | Cereeae |
| Type genus | |
| Cereus | |
| Subtribes | |
| Synonyms | |
Trichocereeae Buxb. (1958) | |
Cereeae is a tribe of cacti belonging to the subfamily Cactoideae containing about 50 genera, divided in 2023 among six subtribes.
Cereeae are tree-like or shrubby, sometimes climbing plants. Their mostly elongated to spherical, ribbed and thorny shoots are not articulated. The flowers, which usually appear on the side of the shoot, open during the day or at night. Their pericarpels usually have a few scales or are completely glabrous. The fleshy, berry-like, bursting or non-bursting fruits often have a blackening adherent flower remnant. The small to large seeds are oval. The hilum and micropyle of the seeds are fused, one appendage is absent. [1]
In classifications before the use of molecular phylogenetic methods, Cereeae was one of nine tribes into which the subfamily Cactoideae was divided. Molecular studies found that these traditional tribes were not monophyletic. A broader circumscription of Cereeae, including Browningieae and Trichocereeae and comprising most columnar cacti of South American origin, was found to be monophyletic. With this circumscription, Cereeae was divided into three subtribes: Rebutiinae, Trichocereinae and Cereinae, although Rebutiinae appeared not to be monophyletic. [2] A 2021 study confirmed that Trichocereinae and Cereinae are monophyletic, but that Rebutiinae as then circumscribed was not. [3]
A 2023 study proposed six subtribes, which it found to be monophyletic. Rebutiinae was split into four subtribes: Aylosterinae, Gymnocalyciinae, Rebutiinae, and Uebelmanniinae. (Two genera, Espostoopsis and Stetsonia , were moved to different subtribes.) The study used a number of large datasets. Two genome-scale datasets agreed that the relationship among Rebutiinae, Trichocereinae, Gymnocalyciinae and Cereinae was as shown below. Limited coverage of the other two subtribes in the two datasets and low resolution in the analysis of a separate gene-based dataset meant that the study could not be certain as to which of Uebelmanniinae and Aylosterinae was the earliest diverging group, although the gene-based dataset suggested it was Uebelmanniinae. [4]
| Cereeae |
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Historically, the circumscription of subtribes and genera in the Cereeae has been "highly controversial", and subject to considerable change. [3] Six subtribes were proposed in a 2023 study. The table below compares the 2023 classification with a widely used 2010 classification. [2] [4] As of December 2024 [update] , Plants of the World Online accepted some genera that were treated as synonyms in the 2010 and 2023 studies. These genera are included in the table together with a note of the name used in one or both of the studies.
| Genus | 2023 classification [4] | 2010 classification [2] |
|---|---|---|
| Uebelmannia Buining | Uebelmanniinae | Rebutiinae |
| Aylostera Spegazzini | Aylosterinae | |
| Browningia Britton & Rose | Rebutiinae | |
| Rebutia K.Schum. | ||
| Weingartia Werderm. | ||
| Gymnocalycium Mittler | Gymnocalyciinae | |
| Acanthocalycium Backeb. | – | Trichocereinae |
| Arthrocereus A.Berger | Trichocereinae | |
| Borzicactus Riccob. | ||
| Chamaecereus Britton & Rose (as Echinopsis [2] ) | ||
| Cleistocactus Lem. | ||
| Denmoza Britton & Rose (as Echinopsis [4] ) | ||
| Echinopsis Zucc. | ||
| Espostoa Britton & Rose | ||
| Haageocereus Backeb. | ||
| Harrisia Britton | ||
| Lasiocereus F.Ritter | Trichocereinae incertae sedis | Rebutiinae |
| Leucostele Backeb. (as Echinopsis [5] ) | Trichocereinae | Trichocereinae |
| Lobivia Britton & Rose (as Echinopsis [2] ) | ||
| Loxanthocereus Backeb. (as Haageocereus [2] ) | ||
| Matucana Britton & Rose | ||
| Mila Britton & Rose | ||
| Oreocereus (A.Berger) Riccob. | ||
| Oroya Britton & Rose | ||
| Pygmaeocereus Johns. & Backeb. | ||
| Rauhocereus Backeb. | ||
| Reicheocactus Backeb | ||
| Samaipaticereus Cárdenas (as Cleistocactus [4] ) | ||
| Setiechinopsis Backeb. ex de Haas (as Echinopsis [2] ) | ||
| Soehrensia Backeb (as Echinopsis [2] ) | ||
| Trichocereus Britton & Rose | ||
| Vatricania Backeb (as Cleistocactus [4] ) | ||
| Weberbauerocereus Backeb. | ||
| Yungasocereus F.Ritter (as Cleistocactus [4] | ||
| Arrojadoa Britton & Rose | Cereinae | Cereinae |
| Brasilicereus Backeb. (as Facheiroa [4] ) | ||
| Cereus Mill. | ||
| Cipocereus F.Ritter | ||
| Coleocephalocereus Backeb. | ||
| Discocactus Pfeiff. | ||
| Espostoopsis Buxb. | Trichocereinae | |
| Facheiroa Britton & Rose | Cereinae | |
| Leocereus Britton & Rose (as Facheiroa [4] ) | ||
| Melocactus Link & Otto | ||
| Micranthocereus Backeb. | ||
| Pilosocereus Byles & G.Rowley | ||
| Praecereus F.Buxb. | ||
| Serrulatocereus Guiggi (only species included in Cereus [4] ) | ||
| Stetsonia Britton & Rose | Rebutiinae | |
| Xiquexique Lavor & Calvente | Cereinae |
The Crassulaceae, also known as the stonecrop family or the orpine family, are a diverse family of dicotyledon flowering plants characterized by succulent leaves and a form of photosynthesis, known as Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Flowers generally have five floral parts. Crassulaceae are usually herbaceous but there are some subshrubs, and relatively few treelike or aquatic plants. Crassulaceae are a medium-sized monophyletic family in the core eudicots, among the order Saxifragales, whose diversity has made infrafamilial classification very difficult. The family includes approximately 1,400 species and 34–35 genera, depending on the circumscription of the genus Sedum, and distributed over three subfamilies. Members of the Crassulaceae are found worldwide, but mostly in the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa, typically in dry and/or cold areas where water may be scarce, although a few are aquatic.
Gymnocalycium, commonly called chin cactus, is a genus of about 70 South American species of cactus. The genus name Gymnocalycium refers to the flower buds bearing no hair or spines. In a 2023 classification of the tribe Cereeae, it was placed as the only genus in the subtribe Gymnocalyciinae, having formerly been placed in the subtribe Rebutiinae.
Phyllanthaceae is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. It is most closely related to the family Picrodendraceae.
Echinocereus is a genus of ribbed, usually small to medium-sized, cylindrical shaped cacti, comprising about 70 species native to the southern United States and Mexico in very sunny, rocky places. Usually the flowers are large and the fruit edible.
In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of August 2023, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010.
Armatocereus is a genus of mostly tree-like cacti from South America. These species have a conspicuous constriction at the end of the annual growth. The flowers are mostly white, with a more or less spiny ovary. The fruits are mostly spiny.
Stetsonia coryne, the toothpick cactus, is the sole species in the cactus genus Stetsonia. Stetsonia coryne is native to arid regions of South America, where it grows to a height of 15 to 25 ft tall. It contains mescaline and other alkaloids.
Uebelmannia is genus of cacti, native to southeast Brazil. In a 2023 classification of the tribe Cereeae, it was placed as the only genus in the subtribe Uebelmanniinae, having formerly been placed in the subtribe Rebutiinae.
Blossfeldia is a genus of cactus containing only one species, Blossfeldia liliputana, native to South America in northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia. It grows at 1,200–3,500 m altitude in the Andes, typically growing in rock crevices, and often close to waterfalls.
The lava cactus is a species of cactus, Brachycereus nesioticus, the sole species of the genus Brachycereus. The plant is a colonizer of lava fields – hence its common name – where it forms spiny clumps up to 60 cm (24 in) tall. Its solitary white or yellowish white flowers open in the daytime. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands.
Lasiocereus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Peru. The genus was established by Friedrich Ritter in 1966. It was formerly placed in subtribe Rebutiinae, but a 2023 molecular phylogenetic study suggested that it probably belonged to the subtribe Trichocereinae.
Aylostera, is a genus of cactus, native to central Bolivia and north western Argentina. Aylostera was formerly sunk into a broadly circumscribed genus Rebutia, but molecular phylogenetic studies from 2007 onwards showed that when defined in this way, Rebutia was not monophyletic, leading to the resurrection of Aylostera. A 2023 classification of the tribe Cereeae placed it as the only genus in the subtribe Aylosterinae. It was formerly placed in the subtribe Rebutiinae.
The Cactoideae are the largest subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae, and are widely distributed throughout the Americas. Cactaceae is the 5th most endangered plant or animal family evaluated globally by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Around 80% of cactus species belong to this subfamily. The genera of the Cactoideae are characterized by microscopic foliage leaves. All photosynthesis occurs in shoot cortex cells covered by a persistent epidermis and stomata. Another important characteristic of this subfamily is ribbed stems, which enable the inner cortex to expand radially without breaking the shoot surface to absorb large quantities of water.
Cacteae is a tribe of plants of the family Cactaceae found mainly in North America especially Mexico. As of August 2018, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010. The main threats to cactus species are poaching, farming, mining developments, and climate change.
Opuntioideae is a subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae. It contains 15 genera divided into five tribes. The subfamily encompasses roughly 220–250 species, and is geographically distributed throughout the New World from Canada, to Argentina. Members of this subfamily have diverse habits, including small geophytes, hemispherical cushions, shrubs, trees, and columnar cacti consisting of indeterminate branches or determinate terete or spherical segments.
Trichocereinae is a subtribe of cactus that are particular to South America. There are 28 recognized genera in this subtribe.
The Hylocereeae are a tribe of cacti. Most are found in the tropical forests of Central and northern South America, and are climbers or epiphytes, unlike most cacti. The tribe includes between six and eight genera in different circumscriptions. The plants known as "epiphyllum hybrids" or "epiphyllums", widely grown for their flowers, are hybrids of species within this tribe, particularly Disocactus, Pseudorhipsalis and Selenicereus, less often Epiphyllum, in spite of the common name.
The Rebutiinae are a subtribe of cacti belonging to the subfamily Cactoideae, tribe Cereeae. A 2010 classification accepted seven or eight genera, but when circumscribed in this way, the subtribe was not monophyletic. A 2023 classification reduced Rebutiinae to three genera.
The Echinocereeae are a tribe of cacti in the subfamily Cactoideae. Since 2006, the tribe has included the former tribe Pachycereeae in many treatments of cactus classification. The exact circumscription of the tribe has been subject to considerable change, particularly since molecular phylogenetic approaches have been used in determining classifications, and remains uncertain. The tribe includes large treelike species, such as the saguaro, as well as shorter shrubby species. Most members of the tribe are found in desert regions, particularly in Mexico and the southwestern United States.
Cereinae is a subtribe of cacti in the tribe Cereeae, subfamily Cactoideae. It is one of the six subtribes into which the tribe Cereeae was divided in 2023, the others being the monotypic Aylosterinae, Gymnocalyciinae, and Uebelmanniinae, along with Rebutiinae and Trichocereinae.
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