Chaenophryne draco

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Chaenophryne draco
Chaenophryne draco.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Lophiiformes
Family: Oneirodidae
Genus: Chaenophryne
Species:
C. draco
Binomial name
Chaenophryne draco
Beebe, 1932
Synonyms
  • Chaenophryne parviconus Regan & Trewavas, 1932
  • Chaenophryne melanodactylus Regan & Trewavas, 1932
  • Chaenophryne atriconus Regan & Trewavas, 1932
  • Chaenophryne columnifera Regan & Trewavas, 1932
  • Chaenophryne macractis Regan & Trewavas, 1932

Chaenophryne draco, the smooth dreamer, or smooth-headed dreamer, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep-sea anglerfishes. This predatory, deep-sea fish is found in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. Like other deep-sea anglerfishes, it is sexually dimorphic, with the matamorphosed females dwarfing the metamorphosed males. The males are not sexual parasites.

Contents

Taxonomy

Chaenophryne draco was first formally described in 1932 by the American naturalist, ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, explorer and author William Beebe, with its type locality given as 10 mi (16 km) southeast of Nonsuch Island at 32°12'N, 64°36'W from a depth of 600 fathoms (3,600 ft; 1,100 m). [2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Chaenophryne in the family Oneirodidae in the suborder Ceratioidei of the anglerfish order Lophiiformes. [3]

Etymology

Chaenophryne draco belongs to the genus Chaenophryne, this name being a combination of chaeno, which means “gape”, with phryne, meaning “toad”. What this name alludes to was not explained by Regan, but the first part may refer to the wide mouth of C. longiceps. The second part is a suffix commonly used in the names of anglerfish genera. Its use for these fishes may date as far back as Aristotle and Cicero, who referred to anglerfishes as “fishing-frogs” and “sea-frogs,” respectively, possibly because of their resemblance to frogs and toads. The specific name, draco, means "dragon," an allusion which Beebe did not explain. [4]

Description

Chaenophryne draco is sexually dimorphic, and dreamers in the genus Chaenophryne are distinguished from other dreamers by both the metamorphosed males and females. They are further distinguished from other genera of Oneirodidae by the long and slender suboperculum which has a tapering point at its upper end, and by having a slightly concave rear edge to the operculum. The metamorphosed females do not have any sphenotic spines, although there are blunt ridges on the parietal and post-temporal bones. The rear edge of the frontal bone is highly curved. They have pigmented skin which clearly extends past the base of the caudal fin. They have a pigmented snout, the rear nostril is separate from the eye, and there are 17-27 teeth on the lower denticular. [5] In this species there are between 6 and 8 soft rays in the dorsal fin and 5 or 6 soft rays in the anal fin. The caudal fin is large and the pectoral fins are limb-like and directed upwards. The overall colour is black apart from the pale esca. [6] The esca differs from those of congeners by having no anteriolateral appendages and in the higher ratio of upper denticular teeth to lower denticular teeth. [7] Its size range is unknown, but it is thought to grow from 8.3 to 12.3 cm (3.3 to 4.8 in) in length based on two unsexed individuals and one female individual. [6]

Distribution and habitat

Chaenophryne draco is found in the non-polar oceans throughout the world, [1] between 44°N and 42°S in the bathypelagic zone at depths of 350 to 1,750 m (1,150 to 5,740 ft). [6]

Biology

Chaenophryne draco feeds on fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. The males are considerably smaller than the females but are not sexually parasitic on them. [6]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceratiidae</span> Family of fishes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fanfin</span> Family of fishes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oneirodidae</span> Family of fishes

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<i>Chaenophryne</i> Genus of fishes

Chaenophryne is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep-sea anglerfishes. These predatory, deep-sea fishes are found in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. Like other deep-sea anglerfishes, they are sexually dimorphic, with the matamorphosed females dwarfing the metamorphosed males. The males are not sexual parasites.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plainchin dreamarm</span> Species of fish

The plainchin dreamarm is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Leptacanthichthys. This species occurs in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans at depths down to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).

Microlophichthys microlophus, the short-rod anglerfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. This anglerfish is found in the deeper waters of the tropical and temperate oceans around the world.

Microlophichthys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. The species in this genus are found in the tropical and subtropical parts of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

<i>Oneirodes</i> Genus of fishes

Oneirodes is a genus of is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. These predatory, deep-sea fishes are found around the world. This is the type genus, and the most speciose genus, of the family Oneirodidae. They are sexually dimorphic but, like most taxa within their family, the small males are free living and are not sexual parasites on the larger females. Only the females are used to identify the species in this genus as no species specific charaxcters have been found for males.

<i>Pentherichthys</i> Monotypic genus of fish

Pentherichthys is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep-sea anglerfishes. The only species in the genus is Pentherichthys atratus which is found in the bathypelagic zones of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The males of this species are dwarfed and are not parasitic on the females.

<i>Chaenophryne longiceps</i> Species of fish

Chaenophryne longiceps, the can-opener smoothdream, longhead dreamer or smooth-head dreamer, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. This predatory, deep-sea fish is found in tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. Like other deep-sea anglerfishes, it is sexually dimorphic with the metamorphosed females dwarfing the metamorphosed males, though the males are not sexual parasites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceratioidei</span> Suborder of fishes

Ceratioidei, the deep-sea anglerfishes or pelagic anglerfishes, is a suborder of marine ray-finned fishes, one of four suborders in the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes. These fishes are found in tropical and temperate seas throughout the world. One of the better known traits of the deep-sea anglerfishes is their extreme sexual dimorphism where the males are many times smaller than the females, the males seek out females and use their sharp teeth to clamp onto the females where he remains for the rest of his life, in some species he becomes part of the female. This is the only known natural example of a process called parabiosis. Another common trait of deep-sea anglerfishes is that they use bioluminescence on their esca to attract prey in the darkness of the deep oceans they inhabit.

Chaenophryne melanorhabdus is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep-sea anglerfishes. This predatory, deep-sea fish is found in the Pacific Ocean. Like other deep-sea anglerfishes, dreamers are sexually dimorphic, with the matamorphosed females dwarfing the metamorphosed males. The males are not sexual parasites.

References

  1. 1 2 Knudsen, S. (2015). "Chaenophryne draco". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T60469804A60795004. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T60469804A60795004.en . Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Chaenophryne". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  3. ↑ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 508–518. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN   2015037522. OCLC   951899884. OL   25909650M.
  4. ↑ Christopher Scharpf (3 June 2024). "Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  5. ↑ E. Bertelsen and Theodore W. Pietsch (1983). "The Ceratioid Anglerfishes of Australia" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 35 (2): 77–93. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.35.1983.303.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Chaenophryne draco". FishBase . February 2024 version.
  7. ↑ Mincarone, Michael; Afonso, Gabriel; Di Dario, Fabio; et al. (2021). "Deep-sea anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) from off northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the ceratioids reported from the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (2): e200151. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0151.
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