The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the principal military force of the People's Republic of China. The PLA consists of four services —Ground Force,Navy,Air Force,and Rocket Force —and four arms —Aerospace Force,Cyberspace Force,Information Support Force,and Joint Logistics Support Force. It is led by the Central Military Commission (CMC) with its chairman as commander-in-chief.
The Ministry of Public Security is a government ministry of the People's Republic of China responsible for public and political security. It oversees more than 1.9 million of the country's law enforcement officers and as such the vast majority of the People's Police. While the MPS is a nationwide police force,conducting counterintelligence and maintaining the political security of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) remain its core functions.
The Ministry of State Security is the principal civilian intelligence,security and secret police agency of the People's Republic of China,responsible for foreign intelligence,counterintelligence,and the political security of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). One of the largest and most secretive intelligence organizations in the world,it is headquartered in the Haidian District of Beijing,with powerful semi-autonomous branches at the provincial,city,municipality and township levels throughout China.
The Government of China is engaged in espionage overseas,directed through diverse methods via the Ministry of State Security (MSS),the Ministry of Public Security (MPS),the United Front Work Department (UFWD),People's Liberation Army (PLA) via its Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department,and numerous front organizations and state-owned enterprises. It employs a variety of tactics including cyber espionage to gain access to sensitive information remotely,signals intelligence,human intelligence as well as influence operations through united front activity targeting overseas Chinese communities and associations. The Chinese government is also engaged in industrial espionage aimed at gathering information and technology to bolster its economy,as well as transnational repression of dissidents abroad such as supporters of the Tibetan independence movement and Uyghurs as well as the Taiwan independence movement,the Hong Kong independence movement,Falun Gong,pro-democracy activists,and other critics of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The United States alleges that the degree of intelligence activity is unprecedented in its assertiveness and engagement in multiple host countries,particularly the United States,to which various US officials contend economic damages,prosperity and stolen innovations have resulted in $US320-445 billion annually since its inception and activities.
The National Defense University (中国人民解放军国防大学) is a national public collegiate military university headquartered in Haidian,Beijing,China,with constituent and affiliated military academies nationwide. Established in 1985 by a military order of Deng Xiaoping,the university is under the "institutional leadership" of the Central Military Commission. The university is the highest military education institution of China.
The United States has often accused the People's Republic of China of attempting to unlawfully acquire U.S. military technology and classified information as well as trade secrets of U.S. companies in order to support China's long-term military and commercial development. Chinese government agencies and affiliated personnel have been accused of using a number of methods to obtain U.S. technology,including espionage,exploitation of commercial entities,and a network of scientific,academic and business contacts. Prominent espionage cases include Larry Wu-tai Chin,Katrina Leung,Gwo-Bao Min,Chi Mak and Peter Lee. The Ministry of State Security (MSS) maintains a bureau dedicated to espionage against the United States,the United States Bureau.
Cyberwarfare by China is the aggregate of all combative activities in the cyberspace which are taken by organs of the People's Republic of China,including affiliated advanced persistent threat (APT) groups,against other countries.
The EastWest Institute (EWI),originally known as the Institute for East-West Security Studies and officially the Institute for EastWest Studies,Inc.,was an international not-for-profit,non-partisan think tank focused on international conflict resolution through a variety of means,including track 2 diplomacy and track 1.5 diplomacy,hosting international conferences,and authoring publications on international security issues. EWI employed networks in political,military,and business establishments in the United States,Europe,and the former Soviet Union.
Informatized warfare of China is the implementation of information warfare (IW) within the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and other organizations affiliated or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Laid out in the Chinese Defence White Paper of 2008,informatized warfare includes the utilization of information-based weapons and forces,including battlefield management systems,precision-strike capabilities,and technology-assisted command and control (C4ISR). However,some media and analyst report also uses the term to describe the political and espionage effort from the Chinese state.
The International Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,also known as the International Liaison Department (ILD),is an agency under the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in charge of establishing and maintaining relations with foreign political parties and other foreign organizations.
Yu Qiangsheng is a former high-ranking Chinese intelligence officer who defected to the United States in 1985. During a career which saw him rise to head of the North America Bureau of China's Ministry of State Security (MSS),Yu passed information to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) which most famously exposed CIA officer Larry Wu-Tai Chin as having been a mole for Chinese intelligence for more than 40 years.
PLA Unit 61486 is a People's Liberation Army unit dedicated to cyberattacks on American,Japanese,and European corporations focused on satellite and communications technology. It is a unit that takes part in China's campaign to steal trade and military secrets from foreign targets.
Larry M. Wortzel served nine terms as a commissioner on the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission of the United States Congress. A 32-year military veteran,he was a U.S. Army colonel,director of the Strategic Studies Institute of the United States Army War College,and vice president of The Heritage Foundation. He was a military attachéat the U.S. Embassy in Beijing,and witnessed the Tiananmen Massacre in 1989. He is considered one of the United States' top experts on China and its military strategy. He is Senior Fellow in Asian Security at the American Foreign Policy Council.
The Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission is the chief political organ under the Central Military Commission (CMC). It was created in January 2016 following the military reforms under CMC chairman Xi Jinping. Its predecessor was the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army.
Dickson Yeo Jun Wei,also known as Dickson Yeo,is a Singaporean convicted of espionage by the United States on behalf of the People's Republic of China. On 24 July 2020,he pleaded guilty at the United States District Court for the District of Columbia of assisting China in collecting information in the United States without prior notification made to the United States Attorney General under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.
The Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission a bureau of the Joint Staff Department. It is one of the People's Republic of China's primary intelligence organizations and the principal military intelligence organ of the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
"Three warfares" is an official political and information non-kinetic warfare strategy of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) employing media or public opinion warfare,psychological warfare,and legal warfare. Promulgated as work regulations,the "three warfares" was set forth in the amended Political Work Regulations of the PLA in 2003.
The China–United States Exchange Foundation (CUSEF) is a Hong Kong-based nonprofit organization whose stated aim is to encourage dialogue and exchanges between the people of the United States and China. CUSEF was founded in 2008 by Tung Chee-hwa,a billionaire,former Chief Executive of Hong Kong,and vice chair of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference,who remains the chairman of the foundation. CUSEF's governing board has included members such as Ronnie Chan,Elsie Leung,and Victor Fung.
China's salami slicing is a geopolitical strategy involving a series of small steps taken by the government of China adding to a larger gain that would have been difficult or unlawful to perform all at once. Advocates of the term have cited examples such as the territorial disputes in the South China Sea and along the Sino-Indian border.
The 12th Bureau of the Ministry of State Security,known publicly as the China International Culture Exchange Center under an arrangement called "one institution with two names",is a set of research institutes operated by the Chinese Ministry of State Security (MSS),the principal civilian intelligence agency of the People's Republic of China as a front organization. CICEC was founded in 1984 and is active in operations to influence foreign think tanks,academics,and other high-profile foreigners. In addition to the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations,CICEC is considered one of the main front organizations utilized for foreign influence operations by the MSS.
