Choristocarpaceae

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Choristocarpaceae
Choristocarpus tenellus.jpg
Illustration of Choristocarpus tenellus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Subphylum: Ochrophytina
Class: Phaeophyceae
Order: Discosporangiales
Family: Choristocarpaceae
Kjellman [1]
Genera

Choristocarpaceae is a family in the order Discosporangiales of the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). [2] [3] The family contains a single genus, Choristocarpus . The species is mostly located in the cold waters of the Northern hemisphere. A type of seaweed, Choristocarpaceae attaches itself to rocky substrate in places that are near continental shelves and the shore. Due to the species having morphological similarity, they were classified in closer relation with D. mesarthrocarpum. [3] But due to many other differing characteristics Choristocarpaceae were put into their own family with a single genus and a single species of brown algae.

Contents

Description

Choristocarpaceae vary a lot in their size as they can be as short as one meter, but grow to over fifty meters in their lifetime. The color of the species does not vary much, depicting a brown or clear color in most situations. The cells of Choristocarpaceae are strictly uniseriate, meaning that they are arranged in a single row or layer in the brown algae which is different from other brown algae which are multiseriate. Their cell walls are also different from others as in vitro experiments showed that they do not blacken due to the addition of bleach as other algae do. [4] Their uniseriate nature helps them in this way as a defense mechanism. As opposed to having many leaf-like structures, Choristocarpaceae have many nubs on the stipe of the species.

Distribution

They are found in the rocky substrate of cold waters that stretch from polar areas of the ocean to more temperate areas. [3] In the ocean they are found nearer to the surface, close to continental shelves. Choristocarpaceae are a relatively rare and unique species of brown algae that do not have many records of occurrence in the world.

Habitat and biology

Choristocarpaceae are a photosynthetic species and their predominance of brown pigments give them their characteristic brown color. With their holdfasts they attach onto hard rocky structures and grow upwards. They are sessile organisms that generate energy through the process of photosynthesis. They also have air vesicles inside of them to keep them upright and maintain buoyancy. [2]   They are eaten by a variety of species who do not eat the algae itself, but eat the various fragments that drift away from Choristocarpaceae in the water. Choristocarpaceae provide a habitat for fish and other species to live within and around. Reproduction happens via the use of spores and gametes that are released into the water column and then fertilize another member of their species that will start a new Choristocarpaceae that will eventually attach onto a hard substrate. [3] Both asexual and sexual reproduction takes place. The species has an isomorphic life history with a  a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. [5]

Taxonomy

Because they possessed uniseriate filamentous thalli with apical growth cells, Choristocarpaceae  were originally put in the same family as Discosporangiales. Due to factors such as their different vegetative filaments, Discosporangiales were entered into their own unique family and genus. Others have argued that Discosporangiales should be classified into the order Sphacelariales. [2] Further DNA analysis dissuaded that theory from taking hold. It showed that Choristocarpaceae represent a separate lineage and are only distantly related to Sphacelariales. [6] When doing a phylogenetic tree analysis it was further found that Choristocarpaceae should be placed in their own lineage separate from other brown algae. [5] As a species, Choristocarpaceae may have evolved more recently in evolutionary history than their brown algae relatives, resulting in their taxonomic status.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown algae</span> Large group of multicellular algae, comprising the class Phaeophyceae

Brown algae, comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Brown algae are the major seaweeds of the temperate and polar regions. They are dominant on rocky shores throughout cooler areas of the world. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat. For instance, Macrocystis, a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater kelp forests. Kelp forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity. Another example is Sargassum, which creates unique floating mats of seaweed in the tropical waters of the Sargasso Sea that serve as the habitats for many species. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Some members of the class, such as kelps, are used by humans as food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laminariaceae</span> Family of brown algal seaweeds, many genera of which are popularly called "kelp"

Laminariaceae is a family of brown algal seaweeds, many genera of which are popularly called "kelp". The table indicates the genera within this family. The family includes the largest known seaweeds: Nereocystis and Macrocystis.

<i>Colpomenia</i> Genus of seaweeds

Colpomenia is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Scytosiphonaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenastraceae</span> Family of algae

Selenastraceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. Members of this family are common components of the phytoplankton in freshwater habitats worldwide. A few species have been found in brackish and marine habitats, such as in the Baltic Sea.

<i>Ankistrodesmus</i> Genus of algae

Ankistrodesmus is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is one of the most common types of phytoplankton in freshwater habitats around the world.

Selenastrum is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is common in freshwater habitats around the world. Most species prefer temperate or warm-temperate waters.

<i>Stauridium</i> Genus of algae

Stauridium is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

Trichosarcina is a genus of green algae in the order Ulotrichales. Filoprotococcus was once regarded as a synonym. However, Filoprotococcus is now considered valid in its own right. Trichosarcina is considered to be of uncertain validity.

Myriotrichia is a genus of brown algae.

Onslowiaceae is the only family in order Onslowiales in the brown algae. The family contains only the genera Onslowia and Verosphacela.

Nemoderma is the only genus in the family Nemodermataceae and order Nemodermatales of the brown algae. The genus contains only a single species, Nemoderma tingitanum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ishigeales</span> Order of algae

Ishigeales is an order of brown algae. It includes two families, Ishigeaceae and Petrodermataceae. The genus Diplura is also included, but not placed to family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sphacelariales</span> Order of algae

Sphacelariales is an order of brown algae.

<i>Klebsormidium</i> Genus of algae

Klebsormidium is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae comprising 20 species. The name was proposed in 1972 to resolve confusion in application and status of Hormidium and was given for the German botanist Georg Albrecht Klebs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Batrachospermaceae</span> Family of algae

Batrachospermaceae is a family of fresh water red algae (Rhodophyta). Genera within the Batrachospermaceae generally have a "Lemanea-type" life history with carpospores germinating to produce chantransia. Sporophyte phase with meiosis occurs in an apical cell to produce the gametophyte stage. Pit connections have two pit plug cap layers with the other layer enlarged. This family of freshwater red algae is uniaxial, meaning each filament with a single apical cell. The genera included within Batrachospermaceae are listed in the table below.

<i>Dictyota</i> Genus of seaweed in the family Dictyotaceae

Dictyota is a genus of brown seaweed in the family Dictyotaceae. Species are predominantly found in tropical and subtropical seas, and are known to contain numerous chemicals (diterpenes) which have potential medicinal value. As at the end of 2017, some 237 different diterpenes had been identified from across the genus.

<i>Laminaria sinclairii</i> Species of seaweed

Laminaria sinclairii is a species of brown algae, in the family Laminariaceae. It is native to the lower intertidal zone of the northeastern Pacific Ocean from British Columbia southwards to California.

Mesospora negrosensis is a species of macroalga occurring in the western Atlantic.

<i>Padina</i> (alga) Genus of brown algae

Padina is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Dictyotaceae.

Sphacelaria is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Sphacelariaceae.

References

  1. ↑ Kjellman, F.R. (1891). "Choristocarpaceae". In A. Engler; K. Prantl (eds.). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1 Teil, 2 Abt. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. pp. 190–191.
  2. 1 2 3 Kawai, H.; T. Hanyuda; S.G.A. Draisma; D.G. Muller (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum (Phaeophyceae) with a reinstatement of the order Discosporangiales". Journal of Phycology. 43: 186–194. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00308.x. S2CID   84821184.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2019). "Choristocarpaceae". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  4. ↑ Draisma, Stefano G. A.; Prud’homme Van Reine, Willem F.; Kawai, Hiroshi (2010-08-01). "A revised classification of the Sphacelariales (Phaeophyceae) inferred from a psbC and rbcL based phylogeny". European Journal of Phycology. 45 (3): 308–326. doi:10.1080/09670262.2010.490959. ISSN   0967-0262.
  5. 1 2 Cho, Ga Youn; Lee, Sang Hee; Boo, Sung Min (October 2004). "A NEW BROWN ALGAL ORDER, ISHIGEALES (PHAEOPHYCEAE), ESTABLISHED ON THE BASIS OF PLASTID PROTEIN-CODING rbcL, psaA, AND psbA REGION COMPARISONS1". Journal of Phycology. 40 (5): 921–936. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03160.x. ISSN   0022-3646. S2CID   84663795.
  6. ↑ Phillips, Naomi; Burrowes, Renaud; Rousseau, Florence; de Reviers, Bruno; Saunders, Gary W. (April 2008). "Resolving Evolutionary Relationships Among the Brown Algae Using Chloroplast and Nuclear Genes". Journal of Phycology. 44 (2): 394–405. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00473.x. PMID   27041195. S2CID   20408087.


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