Cistus heterophyllus

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Cistus heterophyllus
Cistus heterophyllus0168.jpg
Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis, Sierra Minera de Cartagena, Spain
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Cistaceae
Genus: Cistus
Species:
C. heterophyllus
Binomial name
Cistus heterophyllus
Desf. [1]

Cistus heterophyllus is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae.

Contents

Description

Cistus heterophyllus grows up to 1 m (3 ft) tall, forming an erect, much-branched shrub. Its leaves are elliptical to lanceolate in shape, usually 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) long, the upper surfaces being dark green with stellate and simple hairs, and the lower surfaces whitish with a coating of short hairs. The leaf margins are slightly turned under (revolute) and the veins are much more obvious on the underside. The leaves are of two kinds: the upper are without stalks (petioles), the lower have short stalks. The flowers are arranged in cymes of one to five individual flowers, each with five purplish-pink petals, usually with a yellow spot at the base. Like the leaves, the five sepals have stellate hairs, plus some longer simple hairs. The fruit capsule is about 9 mm (0.35 in) high containing angular brownish seeds. [2] [3]

The two described subspecies differ in the distribution of hairs. In C. h. subsp. heterophyllus, the young stems have both many stellate hairs and many longer simple hairs, and the leaves have scattered long simple hairs. In C. h. subsp. carthaginensis, the young stems and leaves have fewer simple hairs. The outer two sepals of C. h. subsp. heterophyllus average about 10 mm (0.39 in) long by 9 mm (0.35 in) wide, whereas those of C. h. subsp. carthaginensis are smaller, averaging about 8.5 mm (0.33 in) long by 6 mm (0.24 in) wide. The petals of C. h. subsp. heterophyllus are about 20–30 mm (0.8–1.2 in) long by 20–25 mm (0.8–1.0 in) wide, making the flower diameter typically 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in). Although there is considerable variation and the size ranges overlap, the petals of C. h. subsp. carthaginensis may be as small as 12 mm (0.47 in) long and 10 mm (0.39 in) wide, making the flower diameter typically 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in). [4]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Cistus heterophyllus from Sweet's Cystineae; probably subsp. heterophyllus as said to be "from Algeria" Cistus heterophyllus (Sweet 6).jpg
Cistus heterophyllus from Sweet's Cystineae; probably subsp. heterophyllus as said to be "from Algeria"

Cistus heterophyllus was first described by René Louiche Desfontaines in 1798. [1] The specific epithet heterophyllus means "with leaves of different shapes", [5] the upper being unstalked, the lower shortly stalked.

Two subspecies are accepted: [1] [6]

The two subspecies have been artificially crossed forming a hybrid subspecies called C. h. nothosubsp. marzoi. [4]

A 2011 molecular phylogenetic study placed C. heterophyllus in the purple and pink flowered clade (PPC) of Cistus species, in a subclade with C. albidus and C. creticus . [7]

Species-level cladogram of Cistus species.

  Halimium spp.  

     
PPC  
     

  Cistus crispus  

     
     

  Cistus asper  

  Cistus chinamadensis  

  Cistus horrens  

  Cistus ocreatus  

  Cistus osbeckiifolius  

  Cistus palmensis  

  Cistus symphytifolius  

     

  Cistus heterophyllus  

     

  Cistus albidus  

  Cistus creticus  

  Halimium spp.  

  WWPC  
     
     

  Cistus clusii  

  Cistus munbyi  

     

  Cistus inflatus  

  Cistus ladanifer  

  Cistus laurifolius  

  Cistus libanotis  

  Cistus monspeliensis  

  Cistus parviflorus  

  Cistus populifolius  

  Cistus pouzolzii  

  Cistus salviifolius  

  Cistus sintenisii  

 Purple
  Pink
  Clade
 White
  Whitish Pink
  Clade
Species-level cladogram of Cistus species, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Distribution

Cistus heterophyllus has a disjoint distribution. C. h. subsp. heterophyllus is native to western North Africa, along the coastal Mediterranean region from the Spanish island of Peñón de Alhucemas and Targuist in Morocco to Algiers. [4] C. h. subsp. carthaginensis is found only in two locations in mainland Spain: near La Pobla de Vallbona in Valencia and in the Calblanque Regional Park in Murcia. [6]

Conservation

Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis is listed as critically endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red List. [11] Fewer than 30 individuals were known in 2011 (only one at the Valencian site) and some appear to be hybrids with Cistus albidus . [6] The subspecies is threatened by fires and human disturbance. Seeds have been stored in seedbanks, and attempts are being made to increase plants in cultivation, both from seed and in vitro. [11]

Related Research Articles

<i>Cistus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus is a genus of flowering plants in the rockrose family Cistaceae, containing about 20 species. They are perennial shrubs found on dry or rocky soils throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal through to the Middle East, and also on the Canary Islands.

<i>Cistus creticus</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus creticus is a species of shrubby plant in the family Cistaceae. Though it usually has pink flowers, of 4.5–5 cm diameter, this species is very variable. It is widely known as a decorative plant. It is frequently called "Cistus incanus".

<i>Cistus ladanifer</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus ladanifer is a species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae. It is native to the western Mediterranean region. Common names include gum rockrose, labdanum, common gum cistus, and brown-eyed rockrose.

<i>Cistus salviifolius</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus salviifolius, common names sage-leaved rock-rose, salvia cistus or Gallipoli rose, is a shrub of the family Cistaceae.

<i>Cistus monspeliensis</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus monspeliensis is a species of rockrose known by the common name Montpellier cistus. It is native to southern Europe and northern Africa, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecosystems of matorral—maquis shrublands.

<i>Cistus laurifolius</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus laurifolius, commonly called laurel-leaf cistus, laurel-leaved cistus or laurel-leaved rock rose, is a species of highly branched flowering evergreen shrub native to some areas around the Mediterranean.

<i>Cistus <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> incanus</i> Nothospecies of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus × incanusL. is a hybrid between Cistus albidus and Cistus crispus. The name "Cistus incanus" has been used by other authors in a different sense, for Cistus creticus. The English name hoary rock-rose may refer to this species, among others.

<i>Cistus albidus</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus albidus, the grey-leaved cistus, is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with pink to purple flowers, native to south-western Europe and western north Africa.

Cistus asper is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae with purple-pink flowers. It was first described in 2005 and is endemic to El Hierro in the Canary Islands.

Cistus chinamadensis is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with purple-pink flowers, first described in 1991. It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where three subspecies occur on three separate islands. The species has been assessed as endangered in the IUCN Red List, being known only from small separated areas and facing a variety of threats.

<i>Cistus clusii</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus clusii is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with white flowers, native to south west and south central Europe and north Africa. It has been wrongly called Cistus libanotis by many authors.

<i>Cistus crispus</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus crispus is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with pink to purple flowers, native to south-western Europe and western north Africa.

<i>Cistus horrens</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus horrens is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with purple to pink flowers. It is endemic to Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. First described as a species in 2004, it was previously identified as Cistus symphytifolius, which it resembles.

Cistus inflatus is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, often known as Cistus psilosepalus, although this name is a synonym of the hybrid Cistus × laxus. It has white flowers.

<i>Cistus libanotis</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus libanotis is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with white flowers. It has been confused with Cistus clusii, which it resembles, resulting in some uncertainty in its distribution. It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.

<i>Cistus munbyi</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus munbyi is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with white flowers. Related to and resembling Cistus clusii, it is native to Morocco and Algeria in western north Africa.

Cistus ocreatus is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with purple-pink flowers. It is sometimes treated as synonymous with Cistus symphytifolius or as its subspecies C. symphytifolius subsp. leucophyllus. Its name is sometimes spelt Cistus ochreatus. It is endemic to Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands.

<i>Cistus osbeckiifolius</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus osbeckiifolius is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with pink to purple flowers.

Cistus palmensis is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae.

<i>Cistus sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus sintenisii is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae. It was named in honor of Paul Sintenis.

References

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  3. "Jara de Cartagena. Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis[Cistaceae]", Naturaleza – Región de Murcia Digital (in Spanish), retrieved 2015-03-10
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  7. 1 2 Civeyrel, Laure; Leclercq, Julie; Demoly, Jean-Pierre; Agnan, Yannick; Quèbre, Nicolas; Pélissier, Céline & Otto, Thierry (2011), "Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of Cistus and Halimium (Cistaceae)", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 295 (1–4): 23–54, doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0458-7, S2CID   21995828
  8. Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 9 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2009.01.001.
  9. Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2005), "Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Cistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37 (3): 644–660, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026, PMID   16055353
  10. Guzman, B.; Lledo, M.D. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Adaptive Radiation in Mediterranean Cistus (Cistaceae)". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6362. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6362G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006362 . PMC   2719431 . PMID   19668338.
  11. 1 2 Güemes, J.; Francisco Jiménez, J.; Sánchez-Gómez, P. & Carrión Vilches, M.Á. (2006), "Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2014.3, retrieved 2013-03-11