Colbert Super PAC

Last updated

Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow
FormationSeptember 9, 2011 [1]
Dissolved2012
Type Political action committee
Legal status 501(c)(4) organization [2]
President
Website ColbertSuperPAC.com

Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow [3] (better known as the Colbert Super PAC) was a United States political action committee (PAC) established by Stephen Colbert, who portrayed a character of the same name who was a mock-conservative political pundit on Comedy Central's satirical television series The Colbert Report . As a super PAC the organization could raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions and other groups, as well as wealthy individuals. [4] [5] Speaking in character, Colbert said the money would be raised not only for political ads, but also "normal administrative expenses, including but not limited to, luxury hotel stays, private jet travel, and PAC mementos from Saks Fifth Avenue and Neiman Marcus." [6]

Contents

Colbert Super PAC reported raising over $1.22 million in their January 2012 filing with the Federal Election Commission. [7] Colbert has been credited with increasing awareness of Super PACs through his late night television show. [8] In April 2012, Colbert received a Peabody Award for his show's series of parody reporting about his super PAC as an "innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision". [9] On November 12, 2012, Colbert announced his intention to dissolve Colbert Super PAC, citing the death of his fictional advisor Ham Rove. On December 13, 2012, Colbert announced that he was not required to say where the entire balance of the Super PAC's funds ($773,704.83) had gone. Immediately following this, however he stated that a group called "The Ham Rove Memorial Foundation" had received an anonymous donation of $773,704.83, which it will use to support various charities.

Founding

Stephen Colbert at a 2007 book signing Stephen Colbert 4 by David Shankbone.jpg
Stephen Colbert at a 2007 book signing

On March 10, 2011, during a segment on 2012 presidential contender Tim Pawlenty's political action committee (PAC), Colbert announced the formation of his own PAC. [10] Parodying a Pawlenty advertisement, Colbert chose to end his ad with a card saying "ColbertPAC", mocking Pawlenty's PAC. In response, an executive from Comedy Central asked Colbert if he was serious about founding a PAC, because it could create "trouble" for the network. Colbert saw the value in creating a PAC to showcase the impact of the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission decision, in which the Supreme Court held that corporations have free-speech rights to spend unlimited amounts of money in political advertising to elect or defeat candidates for office. [11]

On March 30, Colbert hosted former Federal Election Commission (FEC) Chairman Trevor Potter on the program to help him fill out the paperwork for the PAC. [12] On April 14, Colbert revealed that Viacom, which owns Comedy Central, sent him a letter denying him permission to establish a PAC, but Colbert had Potter back on the show, who explained to Colbert and his audience that as a result of the Citizens United decision, Super PACs can be formed, which are less restrictive than regular PACs. [13]

Demonstrators from the Sunlight Foundation outside FEC offices FEC Colbert Super PAC.jpg
Demonstrators from the Sunlight Foundation outside FEC offices

Colbert filed a request with the FEC asking for a media exemption for coverage of his then-prospective Super PAC on a May 2011 episode of The Colbert Report. [14] [15] The FEC voted 5–1 to grant The Colbert Report a limited media exemption during a June 2011 public meeting. [16] Following the hearing, Colbert formally filed paperwork for the creation of his super PAC with the FEC secretary. [17] The FEC approved Colbert's bid to form a Super PAC on June 30, 2011.

Troubled by the fact that large corporations were not donating to his SuperPAC, on September 29, 2011, Potter explained that corporations prefer to remain anonymous when supporting political causes. Therefore, he helped Colbert set up in Delaware a 501(c)(4) shell corporation to which donations can be given anonymously without limit and used for political purposes, similar to American Crossroads. [18] It was initially named the "Anonymous Shell Corporation", [19] but according to the Delaware Secretary of State's Office the official name was changed to "Colbert Super PAC SHH Institute" on the same day.

Donations made to the shell corporation could be funneled to ColbertPAC without disclosure of the ultimate source of the donation. When Colbert asked what the difference is between this and money laundering, Potter answered, "It's hard to say." [20]

Colbert was the sole board member of the shell corporation and initially served as president, secretary, and treasurer of his organization, whose stated purpose was to educate the public. [18] However, the organization could legally donate to his Super PAC, lobby for legislation, and participate in political campaigns and elections, as long as campaigning is not the organization's primary purpose. Colbert's organization could legally accept unlimited funds which may be donated by anonymous donors. Since the FEC doesn't require full disclosure, Colbert likened his 501(c)(4) to a "Campaign finance glory hole": "You stick your money in the hole, the other person accepts your donation, and because it's happening anonymously, no one feels dirty!" Colbert said in September 2011 that he was looking for a billionaire donor, or in the language of Colbert, a "sugar daddy". [21] [22]

According to experts, Colbert's actions were perfectly legal and shine a light on how the financing of elections has dramatically changed since the Citizens United ruling. [18] [19] Speaking in 2014, Trevor Potter said:

[Colbert] was able to show America the loopholes (or "loop-chasms" as he called them) in the laws designed to regulate coordination between candidates and supposedly "independent" groups. By having his own Super PAC and 501(c)(4), Stephen could evolve right alongside the campaigns—or often be a step ahead of them. His understanding of the possibilities inherent in the legal confusion was keen enough to discover and exploit absurd legalities before it became clear that actual candidates and political activists were doing the same thing. [23]

Potter called Colbert's ability to not only quickly understand complicated financial and legal concepts but to also make them funny "pure genius". [23]

Funds

In an October 2011 email to his supporters Colbert explained how his 501(c)(4) could be used to legally launder anonymous donations to his Super PAC, "Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow".

As you know, when we began Colbert Super PAC, we had a simple dream; to use the Supreme Court's Citizens United ruling to fashion a massive money cannon that would make all those who seek the White House quake with fear and beg our allegiance ... in strict accordance with federal election law.

And you've responded generously; giving your (or, possibly, your parents') hard-earned money in record numbers. And although we value those donations, we were somewhat surprised to note that none of them ended in "-illion".

That is why I formed the Colbert Super PAC S.H.H., a 501(c)(4), to help lure the big donors. As anybody who thumbs through the tax code on the toilet knows, a 501(c)(4) organization is a nonprofit that can take unlimited donations and never has to report the donors. This should be especially helpful considering that establishing this new 501(c)(4) has quadrupled our parentheses budget.

Already, we have gotten a massive donation from [NAME WITHHELD], a kind and [ADJECTIVE WITHHELD] person who only wants to [OBJECTIVE WITHHELD]. [24]

In a January 31, 2012, FEC filing, the Super PAC reported raising over $219,000, making a grand total of $1.02 million raised. The filing also listed donors who gave more than $200 to the Super PAC, including Lieutenant Governor of California Gavin Newsom ($500), actor Bradley Whitford ($250), and actress Laura San Giacomo ($250). In a press release Colbert said, "We raised it on my show and used it to materially influence the elections — in full accordance with the law. It's the way our founding fathers would have wanted it, if they had founded corporations instead of just a country." [7] Colbert Super PAC reported raising over $33,000 in February 2012, with approximately $780,000 cash on hand. [25] In the final pre-election filing for the 2012 general election, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow reported $776,731 still on hand, with total contributions for the election cycle of $1,231,916. [26]

Colbert Super PAC had more donors in the state of Texas than Restore Our Future, the super PAC supporting Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign. [27]

Ad campaigns

On August 10, 2011, the first ad by the Super PAC, titled "Episode IV: A New Hope" ran in Iowa, telling Iowans to write-in "Rick Parry" ("With an 'A' for America -- With an 'A' for IowA") instead of Rick Perry at the Ames Straw Poll. [28] [29] The following day the second ad ("Behind the Green Corn") was run. [30] [31] Two Iowa television stations ran the ads; however, WOI-TV told Colbert that they would not run the ads because they considered them confusing to viewers. [32]

In October 2011, the Super PAC released its third ad, titled "Foul Balls", concerning the 2011 NBA lockout. [6] It also released a fourth ad, also related to the NBA lockout, titled "Ball Gags".

Run for "President of the United States of South Carolina"

Jon Stewart, the president pro tempore of the Colbert Super PAC, at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear Rallytorestoresanity-jonstewart.png
Jon Stewart, the president pro tempore of the Colbert Super PAC, at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear

During the January 12, 2012 episode of The Colbert Report, Colbert announced his plans to run for "President of the United States of South Carolina". Colbert's lawyer, Trevor Potter, made it clear that it is illegal for Colbert to run for president while active in his Super PAC (though it would be perfectly legal for him to "volunteer" on its behalf). Colbert then signed over control of his Super PAC to Jon Stewart as president pro tempore, and announced that the organization would now be referred to as "The Definitely Not Coordinating With Stephen Colbert Super PAC". [33] Immediately after this legal block was removed, Colbert announced his decision to form an exploratory committee for his run for "President of the United States of South Carolina". [34] Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties since they are "independent"; however, a candidate may talk to his super PAC through the media and the Super PAC can listen, just like everybody else. [35]

In a press release, the new PAC president, Jon Stewart, denied that he and Colbert would secretly coordinate their efforts: "Stephen and I have in no way have worked out a series of Morse-code blinks to convey information with each other on our respective shows." [36]

During the run-up to the South Carolina primary, the super PAC released an "over the top negative ad" attacking Mitt Romney [7] ("If Mitt Romney really believes 'corporations are people, my friend' then Mitt Romney is a serial killer") [37] and another which first attacked Stephen Colbert and then attacked the Super PAC itself. Both urged South Carolinians to vote for Herman Cain (a former candidate who had suspended his campaign but whose name still appeared on the primary ballot), whom Colbert was using as a proxy as it was too late to get on the ballot himself. [38]

A January 19 poll showed that if Colbert were to run for "president of the United States of South Carolina", 18% said they were at least "kinda somewhat likely" to cast their ballot for Colbert, including 4% who were very likely, 7% who were somewhat likely, and 7% who were "kinda somewhat likely". However, 13% reported they were not too likely, 56% say they were not likely at all, 8% didn't know enough about him, and 4% were unsure. Poll results showed that 52% of the potential Republican primary electorate in South Carolina were aware that Stephen Colbert was exploring a potential candidacy for president of the United States of South Carolina, while 48% were unaware or unsure. 21% of the potential Republican primary electorate reported they would be more likely to vote for former candidate Herman Cain if that vote served as encouragement for Colbert, while 62% would be less likely to cast their ballot for Cain, and 9% were unsure. [39] On January 21, the "Cain/Colbert" combo received over 6,000 votes, a fifth-place finish. [40]

College campus chapters

Colbert announced that the Colbert Super PAC would come to college campuses, with the first college chapter of Colbert Super PAC recognized at the University of Texas at Austin. [41] To facilitate this expansion, kits were available for purchase on the Super PAC website that contained instructions on how to start a Super PAC and several other seemingly unrelated items. Also included was a treasure map, which allowed students who started their own Super PAC to begin a scavenger hunt with a personal appearance by Colbert himself as the prize. On June 29, it was announced that a student from the University of Pittsburgh won the challenge and would receive the visit. [42]

Dissolution of the Super PAC

On November 12, 2012, Colbert announced his intention to dissolve Colbert Super PAC, citing the death of his fictional advisor "Ham Rove", a parody of Karl Rove. [43] Colbert reported that the Super PAC still had nearly $800,000 in funds. Colbert's lawyer, Trevor Potter, advised Stephen that he could form a second anonymous 501(c)(4), then make out a check with the remaining funds to his first 501(c)(4) along with an Agency Letter which instructed the original 501(c)(4) to pay those funds to the second 501(c)(4) and give dispersal instructions to that second 501(c)(4). In doing so, he could avoid telling anyone - even the IRS - where the money went. [44]

On December 13, 2012, Colbert reported that a nonprofit called the "Ham Rove Memorial Foundation", which Colbert was "surprised" he was on the board of, received a donation of $773,704.83, which was the amount that was left over from the Super PAC according to termination reports filed with the FEC. [45] This money was distributed in $125,000 increments equally to four charities: DonorsChoose Hurricane Sandy Relief Fund, Team Rubicon, Habitat for Humanity, and the Yellow Ribbon Fund. The remaining money was split between the Campaign Legal Center and OpenSecrets, which both focus on campaign finance reform in the United States. [43] [46] As part of the acceptance of the "Ham Rove Memorial Fund" donation, the Campaign Legal Center agreed to name their meeting space "The Ham Rove Memorial Conference Room". Additionally, OpenSecrets agreed to name its conference room "The Colbert Super Pac Memorial Conference Room". [47]

Recognition and impact

Stephen Colbert at the 71st Annual Peabody Awards Stephen Colbert at the 71st Annual Peabody Awards.jpg
Stephen Colbert at the 71st Annual Peabody Awards

In April 2012, a Peabody Award was bestowed upon Stephen Colbert for his Super PAC parody as an "innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision". [9] In June 2014, the Annenberg Public Policy Center reported that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media. [48] [49]

Additionally, a 2012 election interview ascertained that viewing The Colbert Report increased knowledge and perception of super PACs and "501(c)(4) groups." It showed an increase in knowledge of campaign finance regulation regarding independent expenditure groups. Their findings emphasize how the political satirist was successful in informing his viewers, even more than alternative types of news and media. Observing The Colbert Report affected how viewers perceived money in politics. [50]

See also

Related Research Articles

Campaign finance laws in the United States have been a contentious political issue since the early days of the union. The most recent major federal law affecting campaign finance was the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002, also known as "McCain-Feingold". Key provisions of the law prohibited unregulated contributions to national political parties and limited the use of corporate and union money to fund ads discussing political issues within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election; However, provisions of BCRA limiting corporate and union expenditures for issue advertising were overturned by the Supreme Court in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life.

In the United States, a political action committee (PAC) is a tax-exempt 527 organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaigns for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation. The legal term PAC was created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States. Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition. At the U.S. federal level, an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, and registers with the Federal Election Commission (FEC), according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. At the state level, an organization becomes a PAC according to the state's election laws.

A 527 organization or 527 group is a type of U.S. tax-exempt organization organized under Section 527 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. A 527 group is created primarily to influence the selection, nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates to federal, state or local public office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Campaign finance in the United States</span> Contributions to American election campaign funds

The financing of electoral campaigns in the United States happens at the federal, state, and local levels by contributions from individuals, corporations, political action committees, and sometimes the government. Campaign spending has risen steadily at least since 1990.

Harold Clark Simmons was an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist whose banking expertise helped him develop the acquisition concept known as the leveraged buyout (LBO) to acquire various corporations. He was the owner of Contran Corporation and of Valhi, Inc.,. As of 2006, he controlled five public companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange: NL Industries; Titanium Metals Corporation, the world's largest producer of titanium; Valhi, Inc., a multinational company with operations in the chemicals, component products, Waste Control Specialists, titanium metals industries; CompX International, manufacturer of ergonomic products, and Kronos Worldwide, leading producer and marketer of titanium dioxide.

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States regarding campaign finance laws and free speech under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The court held 5–4 that the freedom of speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for political campaigns by corporations, including nonprofit corporations, labor unions, and other associations.

Cultural impact of <i>The Colbert Report</i> Explanation of popular culture impact of former television program

The Colbert Report, which premiered in American cable television on October 17, 2005, has had a massive cultural impact since its inception. Issues in and references to American and world culture are attributed to the character played by Stephen Colbert, who calls his followers the Colbert Nation. The Colbert Report is a late-night talk and satirical news program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a "well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot," is a caricature of televised political pundits. The show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor. The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, where Colbert was a correspondent from 1997 to 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Crossroads</span>

American Crossroads is a US Super PAC that raises funds from donors to advocate for certain candidates of the Republican Party. It has pioneered many of the new methods of fundraising opened up by the Supreme Court's ruling in Citizens United. Its president is Steven J. Law, a former United States Deputy Secretary of Labor for President George W. Bush and the Chairman of the Board of Directors is former Republican National Committee chairman Mike Duncan. Advisers to the group include Senior Advisor and former White House Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove and former Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour.

The American Action Network (AAN) is a nonprofit, conservative issue advocacy group based in Washington, D.C., aligned to the Republican Party. It was established in 2010 by Fred Malek and Norm Coleman as a 501(c)(4) organization.

W Spann LLC was a phantom company created at the behest of an originally unknown person by Boston lawyer Cameron Casey on March 15, 2011, apparently for the sole purpose of anonymously donating one million dollars to Restore Our Future, a Super PAC supporting U.S. Presidential candidate Mitt Romney. After donating the money on April 28, the company was dissolved on July 12.

Restore Our Future is a political action committee (PAC) created to support Mitt Romney in the 2012 U.S. Presidential election. A so-called Super PAC, Restore Our Future is permitted to raise and spend unlimited amounts of corporate, union, and individual campaign contributions under the terms of the Citizens United Supreme Court decision.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Campaign Legal Center</span> American nonprofit organization

Campaign Legal Center (CLC) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) government watchdog group in the United States. CLC supports strong enforcement of United States campaign finance laws. Trevor Potter, former Republican chairman of the Federal Election Commission, is CLC's founding president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trevor Potter</span> Lawyer and member of the United States Federal Election Commission

Trevor Potter is a lawyer, former commissioner and chairman of the United States Federal Election Commission. He is the Founder and President of the Campaign Legal Center, a nonprofit organization which works in the areas of campaign finance and elections, political communication and government ethics. A Republican, he was the General Counsel to John McCain's two presidential campaigns. Potter is a vocal critic of unlimited corporate spending and dark money in politics allowed by the Citizens United v. FEC ruling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dark money</span> Undisclosed American political contributions

In politics, particularly the politics of the United States, dark money refers to spending to influence elections, public policy, and political discourse, where the source of the money is not disclosed to the public.

Carl Forti is an American Republican Party strategist who is the political director of Karl Rove's American Crossroads Super PAC. He was political director for Mitt Romney in 2008. Prior to joining American Crossroads, Forti has co-founded the Black Rock Group and has been instrumental in the formation of Republican 527's and Super PACs. He has been referred to as "Karl Rove's Karl Rove", "one of the smartest people in politics you've never heard of," and "the Alexander the Great of the Republican independent expenditure world."

<i>Moneyocracy</i> 2012 French film

Moneyocracy is a 2012 documentary film about Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010),which was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting independent political expenditures by corporations and unions. The film explores how the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission decision has dramatically changed the U.S. Campaign Finance Laws and lead to the most expensive Elections in the United States. The film describes the systemic corruption of the United States democracy and the consequences of that systemic corruption on the U.S. democracy and the electorate.

Issue One is an American nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that seeks to reduce the role of money in politics. It aims to increase public awareness of what it views as problems within the present campaign finance system, and to reduce the influence of money in politics through enactment of campaign finance reform.

Every Voice is an American nonprofit, progressive liberal political advocacy organization. The organization was formed in 2014 upon the merger of the Public Campaign Action Fund, a 501(c)(4) group, and the Friends of Democracy. Every Voice, along with its affiliated Super PAC, Every Voice Action, advocates for campaign finance reform in the United States via public financing of political campaigns and limitations on political donations. The organization's president, David Donnelly, has said "We fully embrace the irony of working through a Super PAC to fight the influence of Super PACs."

Fundraising plays a central role in many presidential campaigns, and is a key factor in determining the viability of candidates. Money raised is applied for the salaries of non-volunteers in the campaign, transportation, campaign materials, media advertisements and other contingencies. Under United States law, officially declared candidates are required to file campaign finance details with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) at the end of every calendar month or quarter. Summaries of these reports are made available to the public shortly thereafter, revealing the relative financial situations of all the campaigns.

Shadow campaigns refers to spending meant to influence political outcomes where the source of the money is not publicly disclosed or is difficult to trace. United States campaign finance law has been regulated by the Federal Election Commission since its creation in the wake of the Watergate Scandal in 1975, and in the years following Citizens United v. FEC, there has been a rise in outside special interest groups spending money on political campaigns in the United States. Dark money leaves voters uninformed about important political information and it can obscure potential conflicts of interest for judges and legislators alike.

References

  1. ↑ "Colbert Super PAC SHH Institute". Division of Corporations. State of Delaware. Accessed December 14, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Colbert Super PAC SHH Institute". Guidestar.
  3. ↑ Ryan J. Reilly (July 1, 2011). "Colbert's Super PAC Not Actually Called Colbert Super PAC". TPMMuckraker. Talking Points Memo . Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  4. ↑ "Outside Spending". OpenSecrets. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  5. ↑ Blumenthal, Paul; Cherkis, Jason (August 13, 2011). "Rick Perry Super PACs Raise Issues of Coordination, Collusion". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  6. 1 2 Khan, Huma (September 8, 2010). "Stephen Colbert's Super PAC Takes on the NBA". ABC News. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 "Stephen Colbert's Super PAC has raised over $1 million, according to filing with FEC [ dead link ]" (January 31, 2012). Associated Press.
  8. ↑ Leven, Rachel (February 16, 2012). "Super-PAC craze sweeps the nation - The Hill's Ballot Box". The Hill . Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  9. 1 2 "Stephen Colbert's Super PAC Satire Lands Him a Peabody". Time . April 5, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Colbert PAC Ad - 3/10/11 - Video Clip &#124". The Colbert Report. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Colbert: 'Re-Becoming' The Nation We Always Were". North Country Public Radio . Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Colbert PAC - Trevor Potter - 3/30/11". The Colbert Report. March 30, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Colbert Super PAC - Trevor Potter - 4/14/11". The Colbert Report. April 14, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  14. ↑ Knott, Alex (May 12, 2011). "Stephen Colbert Files FEC Request for Colbert PAC (VIDEO)". Roll Call.
  15. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P. (May 13, 2011). "Stephen Colbert at the FEC? Really". Politico.
  16. ↑ Bauerly, Cynthia L. (June 30, 2011). "Advisory Opinion" (PDF) (Press release). Federal Election Commission. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  17. ↑ Shear, Michael (June 30, 2011). "Colbert Gets Permission to Form Super-PAC". The New York Times . Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 "Colbert takes satirical swipe at disclosure laws to create corporation in Del". Delaware Online . Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  19. 1 2 Sink, Justin (September 30, 2011). "Colbert creates shell corporation to lampoon Karl Rove's groups — The Hill's Video". The Hill . Capitol Hill Publishing Corp.
  20. ↑ "Colbert Super PAC - Trevor Potter & Stephen's Shell Corporation - 2011-29-09". The Colbert Report. September 29, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  21. ↑ McGlynn, Katla (September 30, 2011). "Stephen Colbert Plays 'The Donating Game' With Kevin Kline To Find Billionaire Donor (Video)". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  22. ↑ Levinthal, Dave (August 16, 2011). "Stephen Colbert loses treasurer to Rick Perry". Politico. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  23. 1 2 Potter, Trevor (December 16, 2014). "How Stephen Colbert Schooled Americans in Campaign Finance". Time. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Armed with his Delaware-based 'Anonymous Shell Corporation,' Colbert seeks 'massive' donations". Dialogue Delaware. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Stephen Colbert super PAC fundraising falls flat". Politico . Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  26. ↑ "FEC Reports and Images for Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, Inc". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Stephen Colbert Super PAC has more Texas donors than Mitt Romney's | Texas on the Potomac". Chron.com blog. February 27, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  28. ↑ Sands, Geneva (August 10, 2011). "Video: Colbert launches first super PAC ad — The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". The Hill. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Colbert Sends Message to pro-Rick Perry PACs — Back Off! - The Note". ABC News. August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  30. ↑ "Colbert SuperPAC's Debut Vote for 'Rick Parry' Ads". Colbert News Hub. August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Colbert's SuperPAC releases another corny ad | The Examiner | Yeas & Nays". Washington Examiner . Retrieved August 16, 2011.[ permanent dead link ]
  32. ↑ "'Colbert Report' Slams Iowa TV Station — Commitment 2012: Iowa Caucuses News Story — KCCI Des Moines". KCCI. August 12, 2011. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Colbert Super PAC Under New Management!". Colbertsuperpac.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  34. ↑ Allen, Mike (January 12, 2012). "Stephen Colbert to explore run for president in South Carolina — Politico". politico.com. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  35. ↑ Grier, Peter (January 18, 2012). "Will Jon Stewart go to jail for running Stephen Colbert's super PAC?". The Christian Science Monitor .
  36. ↑ Montopoli, Brian (January 13, 2012). "Stephen Colbert isn't really running for president". CBS News. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  37. ↑ "Mitt Romney is a Serial Killer". Political Wire. January 15, 2012. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  38. ↑ "Colbert Super PAC Backs Cain". Political Wire. January 17, 2012. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  39. ↑ "18% in South Carolina Kinda Somewhat Likely to Back Colbert | Home of the Marist Poll: Pebbles and Pundits". Maristpoll.marist.edu. January 19, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  40. ↑ Rama, Padmananda (January 21, 2012). "Herman Cain Gets 'A Colbert Bump' In South Carolina : It's All Politics". NPR. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  41. ↑ KVUE.com (March 30, 2012). "Comedy's Colbert grants UT student's super PAC request | kens5.com San Antonio". Kens5.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  42. ↑ Updated: 8 August 2012 5:31 pm (June 29, 2012). "Stephen Colbert Reveals Winner Of Super PAC Treasure Hunt, Explains How Complicated It Was (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  43. 1 2 Sullivan, Sean (December 14, 2012). "Stephen Colbert Donates Super PAC Money To Charity". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  44. ↑ Robillard, Kevin (November 13, 2012). "Colbert shuts down super PAC". Politico. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  45. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  46. ↑ "Coordinating with the Pac - Colbert Blog".
  47. ↑ McDonald, R. Robin. "D.C.'s Campaign Legal Center dedicates Ham Rove Memorial Conference Room". ATLaw Blog. Daily Report. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  48. ↑ Wood, Sam (June 2, 2014). "Penn study: Colbert's civics lesson 'not just a proliferation of jokes'". The Philadelphia Inquirer .
  49. ↑ Hardy, Bruce W.; Gottfried, Jeffrey A.; Winneg, Kenneth M.; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (2014). "Stephen Colbert's Civics Lesson: How Colbert Super PAC Taught Viewers About Campaign Finance". Mass Communication and Society. 17 (3): 329–353. doi:10.1080/15205436.2014.891138. S2CID   144765494.
  50. ↑ Hardy, Bruce W.; Gottfried, Jeffrey A.; Winneg, Kenneth M.; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (May 2014). "Stephen Colbert's Civics Lesson: How Colbert Super PAC Taught Viewers About Campaign Finance". Mass Communication and Society. 17 (3): 329–353. doi:10.1080/15205436.2014.891138. ISSN   1520-5436.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.