Colorado recall election, 2013

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The Colorado recall election of 2013 was a successful effort to recall two Democratic members of the Colorado Senate following their support of new gun control legislation. Initially four politicians were targeted, but sufficient signatures could only be obtained for State Senate President John Morse and State Senator Angela Giron.

A recall election is a procedure by which, in certain polities, voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before that official's term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition, have a history dating back to ancient Athenian democracy and feature in several current constitutions. In indirect or representative democracy, people's representatives are elected and these representatives rule for a specific period of time. However, where the facility to recall exists, should any representative come to be perceived as not properly discharging their responsibilities, then they can be called back with the written request of specific number or proportion of voters.

Democratic Party (United States) political party in the United States

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.

Colorado Senate

The Colorado Senate is the upper house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Colorado. It is composed of 35 members elected from single-member districts, with each district having a population of about 123,000 as of the 2000 census. Senators are elected to four-year terms, and are limited to two consecutive terms in office.

Contents

During the petition drive, national organizations on both the gun rights and gun control sides became involved by providing mailings and donations. Once the petitions were submitted, Morse and Giron challenged the effort in court, but were denied the injunction that they had requested from the court. A further court hearing resulted in the election being conducted in-person rather than by mail, which also led to Giron complaining of voter suppression.

Gun politics is an area of American politics defined by two primary opposing ideologies about civilian gun ownership. People who advocate for gun control support increasing regulations related to gun ownership; people who advocate for gun rights support decreasing regulations related to gun ownership. These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court cases related to firearms as well as about the effects of firearms regulation on crime and public safety. It is estimated that U.S. civilians own 393 million firearms, and that 35% to 42% of the households in the country have at least one gun. The U.S. has the highest estimated number of guns per capita, at 120.5 guns for every 100 people.

In the election, held on September 10, 2013, both Morse and Giron were recalled by the voters of their districts and replaced with Republicans George Rivera and Bernie Herpin, respectively. It was the first time a state legislator in Colorado had been recalled. In the 2014 Senate elections 13 months later, both Rivera and Herpin were defeated by their Democratic opponents.

Republican Party (United States) political party in the United States

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major political parties in the United States; the other is its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

George Rivera is a former member of the Colorado Senate elected in a September 10, 2013 recall election to replace Angela Giron. Rivera was elected from Colorado's State Senate District 3 which includes Pueblo, Colorado. Giron was the second ever Colorado legislator to be successfully recalled in the state's history.

William B. "Bernie" Herpin, Jr. is a former state senator in the Colorado Senate serving since September 11, 2013, a former member of the Colorado Springs, Colorado city council and a United States Navy veteran. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Background

Former Colorado Senate President John Morse Colorado-Sen-John-Morse.jpg
Former Colorado Senate President John Morse

In early 2013, the Colorado legislature passed a series of gun control bills following the theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado and the Sandy Hook school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut. [1] [2] [3] The new laws provided for a ban on magazines holding more than fifteen rounds of ammunition, a universal background check, and a requirement that buyers pay a fee for the background check. [1] [2] [3]

Aurora, Colorado Home Rule Municipality in Colorado, United States

Aurora is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado, spanning Arapahoe and Adams counties, with the extreme southeastern portion of the city extending into Douglas County. Aurora is one of the principal cities of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city's population was 325,078 in the 2010 census, which made it the third most populous city in the state of Colorado and the 54th most populous city in the United States.

Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting school shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut

The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting occurred on December 14, 2012, in Newtown, Connecticut, United States, when 20-year-old Adam Lanza fatally shot 20 children between six and seven years old, and six adult staff members. Before driving to the school, he shot and killed his mother at their Newtown home. As first responders arrived at the school, Lanza committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.

The initial recall petitions targeted Senate President John Morse and State Representative Mike McLachlan. [2] [3] Two additional petitions were also filed against Senators Evie Hudak and Angela Giron. [4] All four are members of the Colorado Democratic Party.

Colorado House of Representatives Lower house of the state legislature of Colorado, USA

The Colorado House of Representatives is the lower house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Colorado. The House is composed of 65 members from an equal amount of constituent districts, with each district having 75,000 people. Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and are limited to four consecutive terms in office but can run again after a two-year respite.

Michael E. McLachlan is a former state legislator from Durango, Colorado, who represented House District 59.

The recall drive against Morse was spearheaded by the Basic Freedom Defense Fund (BFDF) and the El Paso County Freedom Defense Committee. [5] The recall drive against Giron was led by Pueblo Freedom and Rights. [6]

During the petition drive, groups supporting Morse accused the firm collecting the signatures of hiring convicted felons and gathering personal information. [5] Recall backers said that Morse's group was misleading the public. [5] In addition, the recall drives brought in support from national groups on both sides of the issue. The National Rifle Association (NRA) supported the recall effort with mailers and donations. [7] National groups opposing the recall included America Votes, believed to be financially supported by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, [7] as well as California billionaire Eli Broad.

Submission and certification of petitions

Former Colorado Senator Angela Giron Angela Giron 2011.jpg
Former Colorado Senator Angela Giron

On June 3, 2013, BFDF turned in over 16,000 signatures petitioning to recall Morse to the Colorado Secretary of State, Republican Scott Gessler, of which only 7,178 needed to be certified in order to force a recall election. [8] [9] [10] In addition, over 13,000 signatures were turned in to recall Giron, of which 11,285 needed to be certified. [10] [11] Efforts to recall McLachlan failed, collecting only about 8,500 signatures of the 10,587 needed. [12] [13] Likewise, the efforts to recall Hudak also failed, falling short of the 18,962 signatures needed. [13]

A group backing Morse alleged that fifty of the signatures on the petitions were forged, including one individual who had been dead for two years. [14] A spokesman for BFDF immediately issued a statement calling for an investigation and stating that if anyone committed fraud the guilty party should be prosecuted "to the fullest extent of the law." [14] The group calling for the recall also alleged that Morse's volunteers were harassing those that signed the petition, requesting that they remove their name from the petition. [15]

Challenges

Immediately after the signatures for recalling Morse were certified, he filed a challenge to the petitions. [16] Mark Grueskin, Morse's attorney, said: "The petitions circulated are as valid as the back of a matchbook. All of the signatures are invalid." [17] The recall petition was also certified for the effort against Giron. [18] Both Senators claimed the petitions were invalid because they did not use the explicit language that Morse and Giron claim was required under the state constitution. [19] The initial hearings were before the Secretary of State's Office, [20] which denied the challenges. [21]

On July 9, 2013, Morse filed suit in the Denver District Court seeking an injunction to block the recall election. [22] At the same time Secretary of State Gessler filed suit to force Democratic Governor John Hickenlooper to set a date for the recall election. [23] On July 18, 2013, Denver District Court Judge Robert Hyatt issued a preliminary ruling that the recall process must proceed even while Morse and Giron challenged the process in court. [24] Hickenlooper then set the recall election for September 10. [25]

Election

Campaign

Once the election date was set as September 10, national organizations on both sides of the gun-control debate started to weigh in. On the recall, pro-gun rights side was the National Rifle Association and Americans for Prosperity, while on the gun control side was the Mayors Against Illegal Guns and Mayor Bloomberg. [26] Morse went door-to-door in an effort to gain voter support [27] and both sides of the campaigns accused the other side of mud-slinging. [28] Morse supporters were upset about an ad alleging ethical misconduct by Morse, noting that he had been cleared of those allegations. [28] Giron supporters were accused of misrepresenting the issue as a choice on women's rights and abortion. [28]

Financial donations were also an issue. Bloomberg and Broad donated $350,000 and $250,000, respectively, to support the Senators. [29] [29] The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee also spent $250,000 to oppose recall. [30] The NRA spent over $108,000 to support the recall efforts. [30] In total, the Morse and Giron side spent approximately $3,000,000 opposing the recall, while the recall supporters spent about $500,000. [31]

Replacement candidates

Early in the recall process, Republican George Rivera announced his candidacy for Giron's senate seat. [32] Rivera was planning to run against Giron in the 2014 elections but stated he would put his name on the ballot during the recall process. [33] Rivera had to turn in a petition with 1,000 signatures in order to qualify to be on the ballot and turned in 1,500 signatures on July 26. [34] Sonia Negrete Winn, a Democrat, also sought to be on the ballot to replace Giron, [35] but failed to obtain the required signatures to be a candidate. [36] In Morse's district, Republican Bernie Herpin announced his interest in replacing Morse and submitted sufficient signatures to qualify for the ballot. [37]

Ballot challenge

On August 7, 2013, the Libertarian Party filed a lawsuit stating that they were denied access to have their candidate on the ballot due to a conflict between state law and the state constitution. [38] State law provided for ten days to obtain ballot petition signatures, while the state constitution provided for fifteen days. [38] On August 12, Colorado District Court Judge Robert McGahey ruled that the state constitution's provisions had to be followed, and that prospective candidates had until August 26 to turn in their petitions. [38] The Colorado Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal. [39] The ruling meant that election officials would be unable to conduct the election by mail, as is usual for Colorado, and would have to open up polls for in-person voting. [36] Morse stated that not voting by mail was "bad for everybody." [40]

On August 27, 2013, Hickenlooper asked the Colorado Supreme Court to clarify if a voter had to vote for recall in order to vote for a replacement candidate. [37] At the same time, Libertarian Jan Brooks turned in petitions to be on the ballot against Morse while Democrat Richard Anglund announced his write-in candidacy against Giron. [37] On August 28, the Supreme Court ruled that a voter did not have to vote to recall in order to vote for a replacement, but that the Senators could only be recalled by a majority vote. [41] Secretary of State Gessler announced that Brooks did not have sufficient signatures to qualify for the ballot, leaving only Republican opponents on the ballot. [41]

Polling

When asked "Will you vote 'yes' or 'no' on the question of whether Angela Giron should be recalled from the office of State Senator?"

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		Margin of
error		 Yes No Undecided
Public Policy Polling September 7–9, 2013 579 ± ?54% 42% 4%

Results

Morse conceded on the evening of September 10. [31] [42] Initial poll returns seemed to indicate that Giron would win her recall election. [42] The final votes were 9,131 to recall Morse and 8,812 to keep him, a 1.78% difference. [43] The final results also ousted Giron, 19,451 to 15,376, an 11.7% difference. [43] Giron's recall was more surprising, as the district is 47% Democratic to 23% Republican, and news reports stated that Giron was stunned at the results. [43] Other sources stated that Giron remained defiant. [44] Giron has claimed that the recall was due to voter suppression. [45] Giron noted that "We were less than two weeks out and we didn't know what the rules were," referring to the change from mail-in ballots to in-person voting. [46]

With the recall of Morse and Giron, Herpin and Rivera were elected to the State Senate to replace them, defeating their respective write-in opponents. [47]

District 3

Colorado State Senate District 3, 2013 Recall Question: "Shall Angela Giron Be Recalled?" [48]
Choice Votes %
Yes check.svg Yes19,45155.85
No 15,376 44.15
Total votes34,827100.00
Colorado State Senate District 3 successor election, 2013 [48]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican George Rivera19,30188.16
Democratic Richard Anglund (write-in) 2,592 11.84
Total votes21,893100
Republican gain from Democratic

District 11

Colorado State Senate District 11, 2013 Recall Question: "Shall John Morse Be Recalled?" [48]
Choice Votes %
Yes check.svg Yes9,13150.89
No 8,812 49.11
Total votes17,943100.00
Colorado State Senate District 11 successor election, 2013 [48]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Bernie Herpin8,89583.2
Libertarian Jan Brooks (write-in) 1,796 16.8
Total votes10,691100
Republican gain from Democratic

Aftermath

Reactions

Giron and Democratic National Committee Chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz claimed that the recall defeat was due to voter suppression. [49] [50] The Denver Post disputed this, saying that the result wasn't caused by voter suppression but the fact that more people showed up to vote against Giron than to vote for her. [45] Gessler said that the Democrats fared worse where more people turned out. [49] Wasserman Schultz also stated that the money spent by the NRA and the Koch brothers made it impossible for Democrats to win. [50]

Charles C. W. Cooke, writing in the National Review Online , stated that it was a grassroots effort, triggered by the perception that the two senators were not listening to the concerns of the public. [51] Ashby Jones of the Wall Street Journal viewed it as a major win for the NRA and a "stinging defeat" for Mayor Bloomberg. [52]

Reuters journalist Keith Coffman stated that the defeat was a sign that Democrats who control Colorado government had reached too far, not just on gun-control, but in other areas also, such as not considering religious exemptions for same sex adoptions, or same-day voter registration. [53]

Polling

Polling firm Public Policy Polling conducted a poll of Giron's district between September 7 and 9, asking likely voters if they supported the recall of Giron, whether they supported various components of the gun control bill, whether they approved of the NRA and Governor Hickenlooper, and who they would vote for in a hypothetical 2014 gubernatorial election between Hickenlooper and Republican Tom Tancredo, as well as various methodological questions. The results found voters supported recalling Giron by 54% to 42%, with 4% undecided. [54]

However, the firm did not release the poll results before the election. The day after the election, when Giron had been recalled by 12 points, they released the poll and company director Tom Jensen explained why they had not initially done so, citing numerous unusual results. These included the district supporting her recall by such a wide margin, despite having been carried by 20 points by Democratic President Barack Obama in the 2012 election; and voters saying they supported universal background checks by 68% to 27% and being split 47% to 47% on limiting high-capacity ammunition magazines to 15 bullets. Jensen opined that "if voters were really making their recall votes based on those two laws, that doesn't point to recalling Giron by a 12 point margin" and that the NRA had done a "good job of turning the election more broadly into 'do you support gun rights or are you opposed to them.'" [55] Their decision not to release the poll before the election caused significant controversy, with some statisticians and journalists criticising them and others supporting them. [56]

2014 elections

In the November 2014 Senate elections 13 months later, both Rivera and Herpin were defeated by large margins by their Democratic opponents. Rivera lost to State Representative Leroy Garcia and Herpin lost to State Representative Michael Merrifield, a noted gun control advocate. [57] [58] Rivera lost by 22,814 votes (45.06%) to 27,813 (54.94%) and Herpin lost by 14,978 votes (41.52%) to 18,815 (52.16%). [59] Despite reclaiming the two seats, the Democrats lost their overall majority in the Colorado Senate. [60]

Campaign to recall Evie Hudak; her resignation

On October 4, 2013, Colorado Secretary of State Scott Gessler approved a second petition to recall Colorado State Senator Evie Hudak, also an advocate of gun control; the signature gatherers had 60 days to collect 18,300 or more signatures to force a recall election in Colorado Senate District 19 which encompasses Arvada, Colorado and Westminster, Colorado. [61] Hudak later resigned rather than face recall. [62] Because she resigned, the Democrats were able to appoint a replacement; if she had been recalled, the Republicans could have gained a majority in the state senate. [62]

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References

  1. 1 2 Barabak, Mark Z. (July 8, 2013). "The Nation; Gun laws trigger Colorado recall bid; The leader of the state Senate is facing an unprecedented effort to oust him". Los Angeles Times. p. 5A.
  2. 1 2 3 Richardson, Valerie (March 27, 2013). "Recall effort takes aim at Democrats after gun bills". The Washington Times. p. A-3.
  3. 1 2 3 Bartels, Lynn (April 5, 2013). "Gun-related recall efforts carry risks". Denver Post. p. 10A.
  4. ↑ Lee, Kurtis (May 12, 2013). "Focus now on recall efforts". Denver Post. p. 1B.
  5. 1 2 3 Lee, Kurtis (May 14, 2013). "Money flows to both sides in recall effort". Denver Post. p. 4A.
  6. ↑ Tucker, Jeff (April 12, 2013). "Gun group moves to recall Giron". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  7. 1 2 Lee, Kurtis (May 19, 2013). "Rarities and recalls". Denver Post. p. 1B.
  8. ↑ "Colorado: Petitions Submitted For Recall Vote". The New York Times. June 4, 2013. p. 14A.
  9. ↑ Schrader, Megan (June 3, 2013). "Gun-rights activists turn in signatures to recall Sen. John Morse". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
  10. 1 2 Perrotte, Ken (June 13, 2013). "Ken Perrotte column". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, VA.
  11. ↑ Wyatt, Kristen (June 10, 2013). "2nd Colorado lawmaker could face recall over guns". Deseret Morning News. Salt Lake City.
  12. ↑ "Attempt to recall State Rep. McLachlan falls short". Associated Press. May 22, 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Recall campaign against Hudak is suspended". Denver Post. May 23, 2013. p. 2A.
  14. 1 2 Noon, Alison (June 28, 2013). "Fraud alleged in Morse recall campaign". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
  15. ↑ Byrnes, Jesse (July 2, 2013). "Harassment claims surface in Morse recall campaign". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
  16. ↑ Petersen, Barry (June 18, 2013). "For June 18, 2013, CBS". CBS Evening News.
  17. ↑ Jones, Ashby (June 19, 2013). "Key Gun-Control Backer Faces Recall in Colorado". The Wall Street Journal.
  18. ↑ Schrader, Megan (June 24, 2013). "Enough signatures valid for recall election against state Sen. Giron, officials say". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
  19. ↑ Roper, Peter (June 27, 2013). "Giron campaign follows Morse's legal strategy". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  20. ↑ Lee, Kurtis (June 28, 2013). "Attorneys in Morse recall effort argue petition language". Denver Post. p. 6A.
  21. ↑ Lee, Kurtis (July 4, 2013). "Petitions valid in Morse recall effort". Denver Post. p. 6A.
  22. ↑ Roper, Peter (July 10, 2013). "Fight nears battle for votes". The Pueblo Chieftain. p. 1A.
  23. ↑ Lee, Kurtis (July 16, 2013). "Gessler hires attorney to force Hickenlooper to set recall dates". Denver Post. p. 6A.
  24. ↑ Moreno, Ivan (July 18, 2013). "Judge: Recalls against Colo. senators must go on". Associated Press.
  25. ↑ Killough, Ashley (July 19, 2013). "Colorado sets recall elections for two pro-gun control lawmakers". CNN Wire.
  26. ↑ Kornacki, Steve (August 4, 2013). "UP for August 4, 2013". MSNBC.
  27. ↑ Schrader, Megan (August 14, 2013). "Morse, the man in the cross-hairs, campaigns door-to-door". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
  28. 1 2 3 Schrader, Megan (August 22, 2013). "Recall combatants spar over campaign ads". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO. p. 6A.
  29. 1 2 Siddiqui, Sabrina (August 28, 2013). "Michael Bloomberg Donates $350,000 To Colorado Democrats Facing Recall Over Gun Vote". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  30. 1 2 Wilson, Reid (August 29, 2013). "Gun debate resonates in Colorado". Washington Post. p. A03.
  31. 1 2 Coffman, Keith (September 11, 2013). "Recall ousts Colo. senator for gun control support: Another targeted official reportedly trails in the vote". Chicago Tribune. p. 17C.
  32. ↑ Severance, Ryan (May 12, 2013). "Republican to challenge for Giron's seat". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  33. ↑ Roper, Peter (June 9, 2013). "Anatomy of a recall election". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  34. ↑ "GOP candidate in recall race submits signatures". Associated Press. July 26, 2013.
  35. ↑ Bartels, Lynn (July 28, 2013). "Union town not always unified on Dems". Denver Post. p. 4B.
  36. 1 2 Roper, Peter (August 14, 2013). "Ortiz appealing ruling". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  37. 1 2 3 Bartels, Lynn (August 27, 2013). "Hick seeks ruling from high court". Denver Post. p. 5A.
  38. 1 2 3 Schrader, Megan (August 9, 2013). "Colorado recall ballots go out as Libertarian Party tries to halt the process". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
  39. ↑ Lee, Kurtis (August 16, 2013). "Court lets recall ruling stand". Denver Post. p. 2A.
  40. ↑ "Colorado Recall Without Mail Ballots Changes Dynamic". Denver: KCNC-TV. August 16, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  41. 1 2 Bartels, Lynn (August 28, 2007). "High court, Bloomberg thicken plot". Denver Post. p. 4A.
  42. 1 2 Slevin, Colleen (September 11, 2013). "In Colorado recall vote, state Senate president in a fight to keep his seat". Washington Post. p. A07.
  43. 1 2 3 Bunch, Joey (September 10, 2013). "Angela Giron ousted in Colorado recall election, thanks supporters in Pueblo". Denver Post. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  44. ↑ "Giron concedes, joins Morse in recall defeat". Pueblo Chieftain. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  45. 1 2 "Voter suppression in Angela Giron recall? Hardly". Denver Post. September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  46. ↑ Oldham, Jennifer (September 9, 2013). "Colorado Voters to Decide Recall of Gun-Control Backers". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  47. ↑ Killough, Ashley (September 11, 2013). "Pro-gun control Democrats ousted in Colorado recall". CNN Wire.
  48. 1 2 3 4 "Colorado Recall Election Results 2013". State of Colorado. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  49. 1 2 "DNC head Wasserman Schultz blames Colorado loss on 'voter suppression'". Fox News. September 12, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  50. 1 2 Brockman, Jen (September 12, 2013). "Colorado recalls are all about voter suppression, Dems say". MSNBC. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  51. ↑ Cooke, Charles C. W. (September 11, 2013). "A Famous Victory in Colorado". National Review. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  52. ↑ Jones, Ashby (September 11, 2013). "Gun-Rights Supporters Score Big Win in Colorado Recalls". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  53. ↑ Coffman, Keith (September 11, 2013). "Over-aggressive agenda may have doomed two recalled Colorado Democrats". Reuters. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  54. ↑ "Colorado Senate District 3 Survey Results" (PDF). Public Policy Polling. September 11, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  55. ↑ "Reflecting on the Colorado recalls". Public Policy Polling. September 11, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  56. ↑ "The Use and Abuse of Polling in American Politics". Pacific Standard. September 16, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  57. ↑ "Colorado Dems win back 2 seats lost over gun bills". 9News. November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  58. ↑ "Pro-gun GOP recall winners fall; Colo. Senate, House control up for grabs". KWGN. November 5, 2014. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  59. ↑ "Official Results November 4, 2014 General Election". Colorado Secretary of State. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  60. ↑ "It's official: GOP wins 18-17 majority in Colorado Senate". The Denver Post. November 8, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  61. ↑ Mitchell, David (October 4, 2013). "Recall effort begins against state Sen. Evie Hudak". KDVR.com. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  62. 1 2 "Colorado State Sen. Evie Hudak (D) resigns before recall petition deadline". Denver: ABC 7 - Denver. November 27, 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
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