The São Francisco River is a large river in Brazil. With a length of 2,914 kilometres (1,811 mi), it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil. It used to be known as the Opara by the indigenous people before colonisation, and is today also known as "Velho Chico".
The Paraíba do Sul, or simply Paraíba, is a river in southeast Brazil. It flows 1,137 km (706 mi) west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes. The river receives its name when it meets the river Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.
Trichomycteridae is a family of catfishes commonly known as pencil catfishes or parasitic catfishes. This family includes the candiru fish, feared by some people for its alleged habit of entering into the urethra of humans. They are one of the few parasitic chordates. Another species is the life monsefuano which was important to the Moche culture and still an important part of Peruvian cuisine.
The Doradidae are a family of catfishes also known as thorny catfishes, raphael catfishes or talking catfishes. These fish are native to South America, primarily the Amazon basin and the Guianas.
Listrura is a genus of pencil catfishes native to South America.
Bagropsis reinhardti is a species of long-whiskered catfish. This species reaches about 22.7 cm (8.9 in) in standard length and is endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Das Velhas River basin in São Francisco River drainage. It is considered a threatened species by Brazil's Ministry of the Environment.
Lophiosilurus alexandri is a species of catfish of the family Pseudopimelodidae, and the only species of the monotypic genus Lophiosilurus.
Pinirampus pirinampu is a species of catfish of the family Pimelodidae. P. pirinampu is also known as the flatwhiskered catfish.
Acanthopoma annectens is a species of catfish of the family Trichomycteridae, and the only species of the genus Acanthopoma. This fish grows to about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) SL. It originates from the upper and middle Amazon River, and is known to occur in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. This species is parasitic, attacking like a leech and leaving wounds all over the fish which it attacks; it spreads a bundle of opercular and inter-opercular spines into the wound and remains there and is difficult to remove. It may invade parts of wading or swimming animals but apparently exist in these passages only for a short while, as they quickly die from a lack of oxygen.
Eremophilus mutisii is a species of catfish of the family Trichomycteridae, and the only member of its genus. This fish grows to about 30 centimetres (12 in) and originates from the Bogotá River basin, which is a tributary of the Magdalena River. It has probably been introduced to Ubaté, Chiquinquirá, and Tundama valleys, Colombia.
Trichogenes longipinnis, is a species of catfish of the family Trichomycteridae. T. longipinnis is endemic to coastal streams in the Atlantic forest between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States in southeastern Brazil.
Aspredo aspredo is the only species of banjo catfish in the genus Aspredo.
Acentronichthys leptos is the only species of catfish in the genus Acentronichthys of the family Heptapteridae. This species occurs in coastal streams in Brazil from Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina State, in São Mateus, Espírito Santo State and on Leopoldina, Minas Gerais. This species grows to 9.1 cm (3.6 in) in SL.
Pareiorhina brachyrhyncha is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it is known from stony piedmont tributaries of the left bank of Rio Paraíba do Sul, in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. These streams belong to the Ribeirão Grande, Guameral, and Piagüi sub-drainages. They drain the southeastern slope of Serra da Mantiqueira, a major mountain range that separates the Paraíba do Sul from the upper Paraná River basin. This species grows to a length of 4.21 centimetres (1.66 in) SL.
Pareiorhina rudolphi is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it occurs in the Paraíba do Sul River near Lorena, São Paulo State, Brazil. This species grows to a length of 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in) TL.
Glyptothorax conirostris is a species of catfish that was first described by Steindachner, 1867. Glyptothorax conirostris is a species in genus Glyptothorax, family Sisoridae and order Siluriformes. IUCN categorise the species as insufficiently studied globally. No subspecies are listed in Catalogue of Life.
Copionodon pecten is a species of catfishes of the family Trichomycteridae. It is found in the Mucujê River, a tributary of Paraguaçu River in Bahia, Brazil. This species reaches a length of 6.2 cm (2.4 in).
Glanidium cesarpintoi is a species of driftwood catfish in the family Auchenipteridae. It is found in the Mogi-guassú River basin of São Paulo, Brazil.
Steindachneridion doceanum, as known as surubim-do-doce in Brazilian Portuguese, is an endangered species of catfish of the family Pimelodidae that is native to the Doce River Basin, where it was originally common in the whole extension of the basin.
Cetopsorhamdia iheringi is a species of three-barbeled catfishes native to the upper reaches of the Paraná and São Francisco River basins in Brazil. This species reaches a length of 11.1 cm (4.4 in).
