Cratera (flatworm)

Cratera
Cratera pseudovaginuloides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Order:	Tricladida
Family:	Geoplanidae
Subfamily:	Geoplaninae
Genus:	Cratera Carbayo et al., 2013
Type species
Geoplana pseudovaginuloides Riester, 1938

Cratera is a genus of land planarians found in South America.

Description

Sagittal view of the copulatory apparatus of Cratera viridimaculata showing the expanded cavity at the final portion of the ejaculatory duct (ej) in the penis papilla (pp).

The genus Cratera is characterized by having a leaf-shaped body. Most species are between 3 and 7 cm long. The hundreds of eyes distributed along the body are monolobulated, i.e., simple and circular. The copulatory apparatus has a permanent conical penis occupying the entire male cavity. The final portion of the ejaculatory duct, the channel that guides sperm through the penis, has an expanded cavity that resembles a volcanic crater. It is very similar to the related genus Obama , the main difference being the presence of trilobulated eyes in the latter. ^[1]

Etymology

The name Cratera is derived from the Latin word crater and refers to the cavity in the penis that resembles a volcanic crater.

Species

There are 24 species assigned to the genus Cratera:

• Cratera anamariae Carbayo & Almeida, 2015 ^[2]
• Cratera arucuia Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, 2018 ^[3]
• Cratera assu Araujo, Carbayo, Riutort & Álvarez-Presas, 2020 ^[4]
• Cratera aureomaculata Rossi & Leal-Zanchet, 2017 ^[5]
• Cratera boja Araujo, Carbayo, Riutort & Álvarez-Presas, 2020 ^[4]
• Cratera crioula (E. M. Froehlich, 1955) ^[1]
• Cratera cryptolineata Rossi & Leal-Zanchet, 2017 ^[5]
• Cratera cuarassu Carbayo & Almeida, 2015 ^[2]
• Cratera hina (Marcus, 1951) ^[3]
• Cratera imbiri Araujo, Carbayo, Riutort & Álvarez-Presas, 2020 ^[4]
• Cratera joia (Froehlich, 1956) ^[1]
• Cratera nigrimarginata Rossi & Leal-Zanchet, 2017 ^[5]
• Cratera ochra Rossi, Amaral, Ribeiro, Cauduro, Fick, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2015 ^[6]
• Cratera obsidiana Amaral, Boll & Leal-Zanchet, 2019 ^[7]
• Cratera paraitinga Araujo, Carbayo, Riutort & Álvarez-Presas, 2020 ^[4]
• Cratera picuia Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, 2018 ^[3]
• Cratera pseudovaginuloides (Riester, 1938) ^[1]
• Cratera steffeni Rossi, Fontoura, Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2014 ^[8]
• Cratera tamoia (E. M. Froehlich, 1955) ^[1]
• Cratera taxiarcha (Marcus, 1951) ^[3]
• Cratera tui Araujo, Carbayo, Riutort & Álvarez-Presas, 2020 ^[4]
• Cratera viridimaculata Negrete & Brusa, 2016 ^[9]
• Cratera yara (E. M. Froehlich, 1955) ^[1]

References

1. Carbayo, F.; Álvarez-Presas, M.; Olivares, C. U. T.; Marques, F. P. L.; Froehlich, E. X. M.; Riutort, M. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: Proposal of taxonomic actions". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (5): 508–528. doi:10.1111/zsc.12019. S2CID   85286215.
2. Carbayo, Fernando; Almeida, Ana Laura (2015). "Anatomical deviation of male organs of land planarians from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with description of two new species of Cratera (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)". Zootaxa. 3931 (1): 27–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3931.1.2. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   25781812.
3. Lago-Barcia, Domingo; Carbayo, Fernando (2018). "Taxonomic revision of four species of the Neotropical land planarian genera Cratera and Geoplana (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) with a description of two new species and an emendation of Cratera". Zootaxa. 4500 (4): 517–542. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.3. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   30486048.
4. Araujo, Ana Paula Goulart; Carbayo, Fernando; Riutort, Marta; Álvarez-Presas, Marta (4 September 2020). "Five new pseudocryptic land planarian species of ''Cratera'' (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) unveiled through integrative taxonomy". PeerJ. 8: e9726. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9726 . eISSN   2167-8359. PMC   7491415 . PMID   32983634.
5. Rossi, Ilana; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2017). "Three new species of Cratera Carbayo et al., 2013 from Araucaria forests with a key to species of the genus (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola)". ZooKeys (643): 1–32. Bibcode:2017ZooK..643....1R. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.643.11093 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   5242264 . PMID   28144173.
6. Rossi, Ilana; Amaral, Silvana Vargas; Ribeiro, Giovana Gamino; Cauduro, Guilherme Pinto; Fick, Israel; Valiati, Victor Hugo; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2015). "Two new Geoplaninae species (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from Southern Brazil based on an integrative taxonomic approach". Journal of Natural History. 50 (13–14): 787–815. doi:10.1080/00222933.2015.1084057. ISSN   0022-2933. S2CID   86172935.
7. Boll, Piter Kehoma; Amaral, Silvana Vargas; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2019). "Two new land planarian species (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from protected areas in southern Brazil". Zootaxa. 4664 (4): 535–550. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4664.4.5. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   31716655. S2CID   202857022.
8. Rossi, Ilana; Fontoura, Marcela; Amaral, Silvana; Leal-Zanchet, Ana M. (2014). "A new species of land flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from areas of Araucaria> Forest in southern Brazil". Zootaxa. 3794 (4): 514–524. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3794.4.2. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   24870339.
9. Negrete, Lisandro; Brusa, Francisco (2016). "First report of the genus Cratera (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Argentina, with description of a new species and comments on the species of the genus". ZooKeys (610): 1–12. Bibcode:2016ZooK..610....1N. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.610.9465 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   4992809 . PMID   27587974.