Crimes involving radioactive substances

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This is a list of criminal (or arguably, allegedly, or potentially criminal) acts intentionally involving radioactive substances. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that anyone involved was guilty of a crime. For accidents or crimes that involved radioactive substances unbeknownst to those involved, see the Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents.

Contents

Murder and attempted murder

The Karlsruhe plutonium affair

Johannes M. was convicted of attempting to poison his ex-wife in 2001 with plutonium stolen from WAK (Wiederaufbereitungsanlage Karlsruhe), a small scale reprocessing plant where he worked. He did not steal a large amount of plutonium, only rags used for wiping surfaces and a small amount of liquid waste. [1] [2] At least two people (besides the criminal) were contaminated by the plutonium. [3] Two flats in Landau in the Rhineland-Palatinate were contaminated, and had to be cleaned at a cost of two million euro. [4] Photographs of the case and details of other nuclear crimes have been presented by a worker at the Institute for Transuranium Elements. [5]

The Litvinenko assassination

Alexander Litvinenko died from polonium-210 poisoning in London in 2006. British officials said investigators had concluded the murder of Litvinenko was "a 'state-sponsored' assassination orchestrated by Russian security services." [6] On 20 January 2007 British police announced that they had "identified the man they believe poisoned Alexander Litvinenko," Andrei Lugovoi. [7]

On 21 September 2012, a story was posted in various UK newspapers suggesting the existence of an ongoing cover-up by the British Government over the material facts of the case.[ citation needed ] The report suggests that many aspects of the case may "never see the light of day" due to the significant risk to UK/Russian relations and the implications of the declaration that an act of nuclear terrorism took place on British soil.[ citation needed ]

Roman Tsepov homicide

Roman Tsepov, a politically influential Russian who provided security to Vladimir Putin and others, fell sick on 11 September 2004 after a trip to Moscow, and died on 24 September. A postmortem investigation found a poisoning by an unspecified radioactive material. He had symptoms similar to Aleksandr Litvinenko. [8] [9] [10]

Zheleznodorozhny criminal radiological act

An unnamed truck driver was killed by five months of radiation exposure to a 1.3 curies (48 GBq) caesium-137 source (about 15 mg) [note 1] that had been put into the door of his truck around February 1995. He died of radiation-induced leukemia on 27 April 1997. [11]

Vladimir Kaplun radiation homicide

In 1993, director of the Kartontara packing company Vladimir Kaplun was killed by radioactive material (cobalt-60 and/or cesium-137) placed in his chair. He died of radiation sickness after a month of hospitalization. The source of the radiation was found after his death. [12]

Karen Silkwood poisoning allegations

On November 5, 1974, Kerr-McGee worker and labor union activist Karen Silkwood found herself exposed to plutonium-239 after working to grind and polish plutonium pellets by way of a glovebox to be used in nuclear fuel rods at the Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Site in Oklahoma. Inspection of the gloves would yield no evidence of external leakage of radioactive contaminant from the glovebox, despite the fact that plutonium had been found on those surfaces of the gloves that had contact with Silkwood's hands, and no other source for a plutonium leak could be ascertained despite thorough inspections of the air vents and surrounding surfaces. However, on November 6, despite Silkwood's prior decontamination and self-inspection, a detection on her part the next day yielded more signs of alpha activity on her hands, while health physics staff at the plant subsequently detected further alpha activity on her right forearm, neck and face. On November 7, Silkwood tested positive for very significant levels of alpha activity, and an inspection of her apartment showed high levels of radioactive contamination. Thereafter, Silkwood and two other co-workers personally associated with her (roommate Sherri Ellis and boyfriend Drew Stephens) would be tested at Los Alamos National Laboratory; while the latter two only tested positive for insignificant amounts of plutonium exposure, Silkwood was found to have 6–7 nanocuries (220–260  Bq ) of plutonium-239 in her lungs, though researcher Dr. George Voelz insisted that this amount was still negligible and non-harmful. Later posthumous measurements taken after Silkwood's death under separate but likewise controversial circumstances were shown to be roughly consistent with the initial findings described by Dr. Voelz, but also indicated that she had somehow ingested plutonium prior to her demise. It would also be found that Karen Silkwood would not have had access to plutonium-239 for months after her transfer from metallography to rod assembly.

Allegations that Silkwood's exposure to plutonium-239 was a deliberate act of radiation poisoning are fueled by the fact that she was in possession of potentially compromising evidence that linked Kerr-McGee with egregious safety violations, encompassing unsafe workplace conditions at the plant, faulty manufacture of fuel rod components that posed a potential public safety risk, and even substantial missing plutonium supplies that were unaccounted for; Silkwood also contended that she had evidence that photographs containing evidence of hairline cracks in the fuel rods may have been doctored by company personnel as a cover-up. As Silkwood was coordinating with fellow union members and had been en route to meet a journalist to present and discuss evidence she had found of Kerr-McGee's actions at the time of her death, unverified assertions that Kerr-McGee or other associated parties may have been involved in her radiation exposure and later fatal car accident have circulated in the following period. [13]

1972 Texas radiological assault

After a 1971 divorce involving limited visitation rights, a Texas man, Kerry Andrus Crocker, [14] deliberately exposed his 11-year old son to radiological material with the intent to harm. The father, in his role as a petroleum engineer, had access to the cesium-137, as it was used by his company in the oil and gas well industry. On several occasions, the father placed radioactive capsules of cesium-137 on the child's skin while he slept; another time he gave his son headphones to wear that contained the radioactive capsules. The boy developed skin rashes, blisters and lesions from these exposures. The boy also experienced hair loss and radiation-induced castration. This resulted in the child requiring 16 operations, testosterone replacement therapy, and skin grafts. In 1973, the boy was diagnosed with radiation necrosis with "deep indolent ulceration", a dead tendon, and two irreparably damaged testicles caused by the exposures. The father fled after he was convicted in 1975 for the felonies of castration and disfigurement, and in 1981 he was caught after the FBI investigated the case. [15] [16] [17]

Intentional theft or attempted theft of radioactive material

For accidental theft or attempted theft of radioactive materials, see the Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents#Trafficking and thefts.

Grozny cobalt theft or attempted theft

On 13 September 1999, six people attempted to steal radioactive cobalt-60 rods from a chemical plant in the city of Grozny in the Chechen Republic. [18] During the theft, the suspects opened the radioactive material container and handled it, resulting in the deaths of three of the suspects and injury of the remaining three. The suspect who held the material directly in his hands died of radiation exposure 30 minutes later. This incident is described as an attempted theft, but some of the rods are reportedly still missing. [19]

Clandestine use of X-ray equipment

Some former East German dissidents claim that the Stasi used X-ray equipment to induce cancer in political prisoners. After the fall of the Socialist Republic of Romania, files released indicated that the secret police, Securitate, had intentionally induced cancer in striking miners.[ citation needed ]

Similarly, some anti-Castro activists claim that the Cuban secret police sometimes used radioactive isotopes to induce cancer in "adversaries they wished to destroy with as little notice as possible". [20] In 1997, the Cuban expatriate columnist Carlos Alberto Montaner called this method "the Bulgarian Treatment", after its alleged use by the Bulgarian secret police. [21]

Illicit, fraudulent, and patent medicine

In the early 20th century a series of products claiming medicinal properties, which contained radioactive elements were marketed to the general public. This does not include certain medications that contain radioactive isotopes (e.g. iodine-131 for its oncological uses) but pertains to elixirs and other medications that made preposterous claims (see below) that were neither scientific nor verifiable.

Radithor, a well known patent medicine or snake oil, is possibly the best known example of radioactive quackery. It consisted of triple distilled water[ clarification needed ] containing at a minimum 1 microcurie (37 kBq) each of the radium-226 and radium-228 isotopes. [22]

Radithor was manufactured from 1918 to 1928 by the Bailey Radium Laboratories, Inc., of East Orange, New Jersey. The head of the laboratories was listed as Dr. William J. A. Bailey, not a medical doctor. [23] It was advertised as "A Cure for the Living Dead" [24] as well as "Perpetual Sunshine".

These radium elixirs were marketed similar to the way opiates were peddled to the masses with laudanum an age earlier, and electrical cure-alls during the same time period such as the Prostate Warmer. [25]

The eventual death of the socialite Eben Byers from Radithor consumption and the associated radiation poisoning led to the strengthening of the Food and Drug Administration's powers and the demise of most[ clarification needed ] radiation based patent medication.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ (1.3 Ci)/(3.215 TBq/g) = 15 mg (where 3.215 TBq/g is the activity of Cs-137)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polonium</span> Chemical element, symbol Po and atomic number 84

Polonium is a chemical element; it has symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is a chalcogen and chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though longer-lived isotopes exist, such as the 124 years half-life of polonium-209, they are much more difficult to produce. Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radioactive waste</span> Unusable radioactive materials

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A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device is a radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives. The purpose of the weapon is to contaminate the area around the dispersal agent/conventional explosion with radioactive material, serving primarily as an area denial device against civilians. It is not to be confused with a nuclear explosion, such as a fission bomb, which produces blast effects far in excess of what is achievable by the use of conventional explosives. Unlike the cloud of radiation from a typical fission bomb, a dirty bomb's radiation can be dispersed only within a few hundred meters or a few miles of the explosion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear technology</span> Technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curie (unit)</span> Non-SI unit of radioactivity

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Becquerel</span> SI derived unit of radioactivity

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents</span> Severe disruptive events involving fissile or fusile materials

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radithor</span> Fake radioactive patent medicine

Radithor was a patent medicine that is a well-known example of radioactive quackery and specifically of excessively broad and pseudoscientific application of the principle of radiation hormesis. It consisted of triple-distilled water containing at a minimum 1 microcurie (37 kBq) each of the radium 226 and 228 isotopes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cobalt-60</span> Radioactive isotope of cobalt

Cobalt-60 (60Co) is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2714 years. It is produced artificially in nuclear reactors. Deliberate industrial production depends on neutron activation of bulk samples of the monoisotopic and mononuclidic cobalt isotope 59
Co
. Measurable quantities are also produced as a by-product of typical nuclear power plant operation and may be detected externally when leaks occur. In the latter case the incidentally produced 60
Co
 is largely the result of multiple stages of neutron activation of iron isotopes in the reactor's steel structures via the creation of its 59
Co
 precursor. The simplest case of the latter would result from the activation of 58
Fe
. 60
Co
 undergoes beta decay to the stable isotope nickel-60. The activated cobalt nucleus emits two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, hence the overall equation of the nuclear reaction is: 59
27Co
 + n → 60
27Co
 → 60
28Ni
 + e− + 2 γ

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Caesium-137, cesium-137 (US), or radiocaesium, is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Trace quantities also originate from spontaneous fission of uranium-238. It is among the most problematic of the short-to-medium-lifetime fission products. Caesium-137 has a relatively low boiling point of 671 °C (1,240 °F) and easily becomes volatile when released suddenly at high temperature, as in the case of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and with atomic explosions, and can travel very long distances in the air. After being deposited onto the soil as radioactive fallout, it moves and spreads easily in the environment because of the high water solubility of caesium's most common chemical compounds, which are salts. Caesium-137 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and Margaret Melhase.

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Radiobiology is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living things, in particular health effects of radiation. Ionizing radiation is generally harmful and potentially lethal to living things but can have health benefits in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer and thyrotoxicosis. Its most common impact is the induction of cancer with a latent period of years or decades after exposure. High doses can cause visually dramatic radiation burns, and/or rapid fatality through acute radiation syndrome. Controlled doses are used for medical imaging and radiotherapy.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear labor issues</span> Radiation workers health and labor issues

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References

  1. ↑ "Welcome". World Information Service on Energy. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  2. ↑ "Germany: Plutonium soup as a murder weapon?". World Information Service on Energy. October 5, 2001. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  3. ↑ "Radiation Victim Demands Compensatory Damages". German News (English ed.). 24 February 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  4. ↑ "Clean-up of a GIGA-BQ-PU contamination of two apartments" (PDF). Hagen Hoefer. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  5. ↑ Ray, Ian. "Nuclear Forensic Science and Illicit Trafficking" (PDF). Karlsruhe (Germany): Institute for Transuranium Elements. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  6. ↑ "Murder in a Teapot". "The Blotter" on ABCNews.com. 26 January 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2006.
  7. ↑ McGrory, Daniel; Halpin, Tony (20 January 2007). "Police match image of Litvinenko's real assassin with his death-bed description". London: Times Online. Retrieved 22 January 2006.
  8. ↑ The Putin bodyguard riddle, The Sunday Times, December 3, 2006
  9. ↑ "Полоний и три Владимира". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
  10. ↑ "Расследование отравления радиоактивным изотопом Романа Цепова, бывшего телохранителя Анатолия Собчака и Владимира Путина". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
  11. ↑ Wm. Robert Johnston (24 September 2007). "Zheleznodorozhny criminal radiological act, 1995" . Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  12. ↑ Wm. Robert Johnston (22 September 2007). "Moscow radiological homicide, 1993" . Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  13. ↑ Tricia Romano. "The Life and Mysterious Death of Karen Silkwood". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  14. ↑ "Crocker vs. State". Justia. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  15. ↑ Johnston, William Robert. "Texas radiological assault, 1971". Johnston's archive. Database of radiological incidents and related events. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  16. ↑ Collins, V.P; Gaulden, M.E. (1980). A case of child abuse by radiation exposure in The Medical Basis for Radiation Accident Preparedness. New york: North Holland. pp. 197–203.
  17. ↑ Bailey, Edgar D.; Wukasch, Martin C. "A case of felonious use of radioactive materials" (PDF). IRPA Proceedings 4. 3: 987–990. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  18. ↑ Wm. Robert Johnston (8 April 2005). "Gronzy orphaned source, 1999" . Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  19. ↑ "Criminal Dies Stealing Radioactive Material". James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. 14 September 1999. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  20. ↑ Stride, Jonathan T. (30 December 1997). "Castro said to be using cancer instigating weapons for warfare". Florida International University. Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  21. ↑ Montaner, Carlos Alberto (28 December 1997). "The Bulgarian Treatment". Firmas Press. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  22. ↑ "Radithor (ca. 1918)". Oak Ridge Associated Universities . Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  23. ↑ "U/A". Literary Digest . 16 April 1932.
  24. ↑ "Radium Cures". Museum of Questionable Medical Devices (Science Museum of Minnesota). 4 February 2000. Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  25. ↑ "Prostate Cures". Museum of Questionable Medical Devices (Science Museum of Minnesota). 18 April 1999. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
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