Crosstalk

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In electronics, crosstalk is any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel. Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired capacitive, inductive, or conductive coupling from one circuit or channel to another.

Contents

Crosstalk is a significant issue in structured cabling, audio electronics, integrated circuit design, wireless communication and other communications systems.

Mechanisms

Every electrical signal is associated with a varying field, whether electrical, magnetic or traveling. Where these fields overlap, they interfere with each other's signals. This electromagnetic interference creates crosstalk. For example, if two wires next to each other carry different signals, the currents in them will create magnetic fields that will induce a smaller signal in the neighboring wire.

In electrical circuits sharing a common signal return path, electrical impedance in the return path creates common impedance coupling between the signals, resulting in crosstalk. [1] [2]

In cabling

In structured cabling, crosstalk refers to electromagnetic interference from one unshielded twisted pair to another twisted pair, normally running in parallel. Signals traveling through adjacent pairs of wire create magnetic fields that interact with each other, inducing interference in the neighboring pair. The pair causing the interference is called the disturbing pair, while the pair experiencing the interference is the disturbed pair.

Near-end crosstalk (NEXT)
NEXT is a measure of the ability of a cable to reject crosstalk, so the higher the NEXT value, the greater the rejection of crosstalk at the local connection. It is referred to as near end because the interference between the two signals in the cable is measured at the same end of the cable as the interfering transmitter. The NEXT value for a given cable type is generally expressed in decibels per feet or decibels per 1000 feet and varies with the frequency of transmission. General specifications for cabling (such as CAT 5) usually include the minimum NEXT values. [3]
Power sum near-end crosstalk (PSNEXT)
PSNEXT is a NEXT measurement which includes the sum of crosstalk contributions from all adjacent pairs as an algebraic sum of the NEXT of the three wire pairs as they affect the fourth pair in a four-pair cable (e.g., Category 6 cable). [3] The Superior Modular Products White paper [4] states that the testing process for PSNEXT consists of measuring all pair-to-pair crosstalk combinations and then summing all of the values for each pair. The specification was developed to directly address the effect of transmissions on multiple adjacent pairs on the pair being tested and is relevant to all connecting hardware and associated communications cables.
Cabling bandwidth in excess of 100 MHz (Category 5 cable bandwidth) make consideration of PSNEXT more important as Gigabit Ethernet through Cat 6 uses all four wire pairs simultaneously and bidirectionally. The additional wire pair usage and growing bandwidth increases the need to keep NEXT in check.
Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)
FEXT measures the interference between two pairs of a cable measured at the far end of the cable with respect to the interfering transmitter. [3]
Equal level far end crosstalk (ELFEXT)
ELFEXT measures the FEXT with attenuation compensation. [3]
Alien crosstalk (AXT)
AXT is interference caused by other cables routed close to the cable of interest as opposed to signals contained in the same cable. [5]

In audio

IBA Crosstalk weighting curve.svg

In stereo audio reproduction, crosstalk can refer to signal leakage across from one program channel to another, reducing channel separation and stereo imaging. Crosstalk between channels in mixing consoles, and between studio feeds is a much more noticeable problem, as these are likely to be carrying very different programs or material.

Crosstalk is an electrical effect and can be quantified with a crosstalk measurement. Crosstalk measurements are made on audio systems to determine the amount of signal leaking from one channel to another. The Independent Broadcasting Authority published a weighting curve for use in crosstalk measurement that gives due emphasis to the subjective audibility of different frequencies. In the absence of any international standards, this is still in use despite the demise of the IBA.[ citation needed ]

Good crosstalk performance for a stereo system is not difficult to achieve in today's digital audio systems, though it is hard to keep below the desired figure of -30 dB[ citation needed ] or so on vinyl recordings and FM radio.

Other examples

In telecommunication or telephony, crosstalk is often distinguishable as pieces of speech or in-band signaling tones leaking from other people's connections. [6] If the connection is analog, twisted pair cabling can often be used to reduce crosstalk. Alternatively, the signals can be converted to digital form, which is typically less susceptible to crosstalk.

In wireless communication, crosstalk is often denoted co-channel interference, and is related to adjacent-channel interference.

In integrated circuit design, crosstalk normally refers to a signal affecting another nearby signal. Usually, the coupling is capacitive, and to the nearest neighbor, but other forms of coupling and effects on signal further away are sometimes important, especially in analog designs. See signal integrity for tools used to measure and prevent this problem, and substrate coupling for a discussion of crosstalk conveyed through the integrated circuit substrate. There are a wide variety of repair solutions, with increased spacing, wire re-ordering, and shielding being the most common.

In full-field optical coherence tomography, "crosstalk" refers to the phenomenon that due to highly scattering objects, multiple scattered photons reach the image plane and generate a coherent signal after traveling a pathlength that matches that of the sample depth within a coherence length.

In stereoscopic 3D displays, crosstalk refers to the incomplete isolation of the left and right image channels so that one bleeds into the other - like a double exposure, which produces a ghosting effect.

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electromagnetic compatibility</span> Electrical engineering concept

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ground (electricity)</span> Reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmission line</span> Cable or other structure for carrying radio waves

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twisted pair</span> Type of wiring used for communications

Twisted pair cabling is a type of communications cable in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility. Compared to a single conductor or an untwisted balanced pair, a twisted pair reduces electromagnetic radiation from the pair and crosstalk between neighbouring pairs and improves rejection of external electromagnetic interference. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

Balanced audio is a method of interconnecting audio equipment using balanced interfaces. This type of connection is very important in sound recording and production because it allows the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise caused by electromagnetic interference. The balanced interface guarantees that induced noise appears as common-mode voltages at the receiver which can be rejected by a differential device.

This is an index of articles relating to electronics and electricity or natural electricity and things that run on electricity and things that use or conduct electricity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balun</span> Electrical device

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electromagnetic interference</span> Disturbance in an electrical circuit due to external sources of radio waves

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Differential signalling</span> Method for electrically transmitting information

Differential signalling is a method for electrically transmitting information using two complementary signals. The technique sends the same electrical signal as a differential pair of signals, each in its own conductor. The pair of conductors can be wires in a twisted-pair or ribbon cable or traces on a printed circuit board.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shielded cable</span> Electric cable with metal jacket (shield) to prevent magnetic interference

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Signal integrity</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noise (electronics)</span> Random fluctuation in an electrical signal

In electronics, noise is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Star quad cable</span>

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Common mode current is the portion of conductor currents that are unmatched with the exactly opposite and equal magnitude currents. Common mode current cause multiconductors to act or behave like a single conductor. In electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), there are two common terms that will be found in many electromagnetic interference discussions or considered as fundamental concepts, those are Differential Mode and Common Mode. Those terms are related to coupling mechanisms. Many electrical systems contain elements that are capable to act like an antenna. Each element is capable of unintentionally emitting Radio Frequency energy through electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic means. Common Mode coupling as well as Differential Mode coupling can occur in both a conducted and radiated way.

References

  1. ↑ LearnEMC Web Site: Common-Impedance Coupling
  2. ↑ K.-H. Gonschorek and R. Vick: Electromagnetic Compatibility for Device Design and System Integration, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2009, ISBN   978-3-642-03289-9, page 90
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Category 5 / 5E & Cat 6 Cabling Tutorial and FAQ's". lanshack.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  4. ↑ "Component Level PowerSum Compliance and RJ21X Connectivity Solutions (Superior Modular Products White paper)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  5. ↑ Eliminating alien crosstalk, Communications News, February 2009, archived from the original on 2010-02-09
  6. ↑ "crosstalk (XT)". Federal Standard 1037C glossary. Retrieved 2018-03-26.

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. (in support of MIL-STD-188).

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