Cyclorhagida | |
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Echinoderes hwiizaa | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Kinorhyncha |
Class: | Cyclorhagida Zelinka, 1896 [1] [2] |
Orders and families | |
See text |
Cyclorhagida is a class of kinorhynchs, which are small marine invertebrates.
Priapulida, sometimes referred to as penis worms, is a phylum of unsegmented marine worms. The name of the phylum relates to the Greek god of fertility, because their general shape and their extensible spiny introvert (eversible) proboscis may resemble the shape of a human penis. They live in the mud and in comparatively shallow waters up to 90 metres (295 ft) deep. Some species show a remarkable tolerance for hydrogen sulfide, anoxia and low salinity. Halicryptus spinulosus appears to prefer brackish shallow waters. They can be quite abundant in some areas. In an Alaskan bay as many as 85 adult individuals of Priapulus caudatus per square meter has been recorded, while the density of its larvae can be as high as 58,000 per square meter.
Kinorhyncha is a phylum of small marine invertebrates that are widespread in mud or sand at all depths as part of the meiobenthos. They are commonly called mud dragons. Modern species are 1 mm (0.039 in) or less, but Cambrian forms could reach 4 cm (1.6 in).
Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. Thiele was born in Goldap, East Prussia. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work. From 1904 until his retirement in 1925 he was the curator of the malacological collection at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Thiele described more than 1.500 new species of molluscs; until today their types are deposited with the Museum of Natural History in Berlin. Especially important are his works on the Mollusca of the First German Antarctica Expedition and of the German Deep Sea Expedition aboard the vessel Valdivia.
Oswald Duda, full name Pavel Theodor Friedrich Oswald Duda was a German entomologist mainly interested in Diptera.
Otto Max Johannes Jaekel was a German paleontologist and geologist.
Friedrich Julius Rosenbach, also known as Anton Julius Friedrich Rosenbach, was a German physician and microbiologist. He is credited for differentiating Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus, which is now called Staphylococcus epidermidis, in 1884. He also described and named Streptococcus pyogenes. Rosenbach's disease is also named in his honor.
Antygomonas is a genus of cyclorhagids. It is the only genus in the family Antygomonidae Adrianov & Malakhov, 1994. Species of Antygomonas are commonly referred to as "mud dragons."
Rugiloricus is a genus of marine organisms of the phylum Loricifera and the family Pliciloricidae, described by Higgins & Kristensen in 1986.
Robert Price Higgins was an American systematic invertebrate zoologist and ecologist, who specialized in the unusual taxa of kinorhynchs and tardigrades.
Charles Le Doux was a German entomologist.
Ernst Gustav Gotthelf Marcus was a German zoologist, former occupant of the chair of zoology at the University of São Paulo from 1936 to 1963, and co-founder of the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo.
Urnaloricus is a genus of loricifera; it is distinct enough to belong to its own family, Urnaloricidae. Loricifera are phylum that are animals that live in marine area only, and very small in size. The Urnaloricus was found Southwest in the Faroe Islands, North Atlantic. It was the thirty-eighth loriciferan species found. One part of the life cycle is the Higgins larva and it is introverted with eight two-segmented clavoscalids.
Brauninidae is a monotypic family of trematodes in the order Diplostomida. It consists of one genus, Braunina Heider, 1900, which consists of one species, Braunina cordiformis Wolf, 1903.
Echinoderidae is a family of kinorhynchs in the class Cyclorhagida.
Cephalorhyncha is a genus of kinorhynchs in the family Echinoderidae.
Meristoderes is a genus of kinorhynchs in the family Echinoderidae.
Pycnophyidae is a family of kinorhynchs in the class Allomalorhagida.
Cateriidae is a family of kinorhynchs placed either in the class Cyclorhagida or Allomalorhagida. It consists of a single genus, Cateria Gerlach, 1956.
Echinoderes is a genus of mud dragons first described in 1863. It is the largest genus within class Kinorhyncha. It is a highly diverse genus, with member species that inhabit "most marine benthic substrates, on latitudes ranging from the Arctic to the tropics, and from the intertidal zone down to the deep sea." Species on the east coasts of North and South America have been extensively studied by Robert P. Higgins. Species in east Asia have been extensively studied by A. V. Adrianov.
Adolf Remane was a German zoologist who pioneered the study of the marine meiofauna. He was a director of the Zoological Institute of Kiel University, and a President of the German Zoological Society.