Dark-winged trumpeter

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Dark-winged trumpeter
Psophia viridis Spix Avium Species Novae.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Psophiidae
Genus: Psophia
Species:
P. viridis
Binomial name
Psophia viridis
Spix, 1825
Psophia viridis map.svg

The dark-winged trumpeter (Psophia viridis) is a species of bird in the family Psophiidae. It is endemic to Brazil. [2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The dark-winged trumpeter's taxonomy is far from settled. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) assigns it three subspecies, the nominate P. v. viridis, P. v. dextralis , and P. v. obscura . The Clements taxonomy splits a fourth from dextralis, P. v. interjecta. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treats each of the three IOC-recognized subspecies as separate species, the "green-winged", "olive-winged", and "black-winged" trumpeters respectively. HBW includes interjecta as a subspecies of the "olive-winged". [2] [3] [4] Considerable evidence supports the treatment as three species. [5] [6]

This article follows the IOC three-subspecies model.

Dark-winged trumpeters at Cristalino Jungle Lodge, Brazil

Description

The dark-winged trumpeter is a chicken-like bird with a long neck and legs and a hump-backed profile. It is 45 to 52 centimetres (18 to 20 in) long. The sexes are alike. Their bill color ranges from dusky brown to bright green and their legs and feet are dusky brown to greenish olive. Adults of the nominate subspecies are mostly velvety blackish with a dark smoky olive-green mantle and wing patch. They have an iridescent purple patch on the lower neck and their outer wing coverts are tipped with iridescent purple. Subspecies P. v. dextralis (including interjecta) has a dark brown mantle and wing patch that is olive green towards the end. It has no iridescence on the neck or wing coverts. P. v. obscura is almost identical to dextralis but has a small amount of purple iridescence on the lower neck and wing coverts. [7]

Distribution and habitat

The dark-winged trumpeter is found in the Amazon Basin of Brazil south of the Amazon River. The nominate subspecies is the westernmost, found between the Rio Madeira and the Rio Tapajós. Subspecies P. v. dextralis is found from the Tapajós to the Rio Tocantins. (P. v. dextralis sensu stricto and P. v. interjecta are separated by the Rio Xingu when they are treated as individual subspecies.) P. v. obscura is found from the Tocantins to the Atlantic coast in the state of Pará. [2] [3] Undocumented sight records in northeastern Boliva lead the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society to call the species hypothetical in that country. [8]

Behavior

Movement

The dark-winged trumpeter is assumed to be sedentary and territorial like the other trumpeters. [7]

Feeding

The dark-winged trumpeter forages in groups of up to about 20 individuals. Its diet is not known in detail but includes fruit, arthropods, small vertebrates, and carrion. It sometimes follows army ant swarms to capture fleeing prey. [7]

Breeding

Almost nothing is known about the dark-winged trumpeter's breeding biology. Its breeding season appears to include January to April. [7] The other trumpeters are polyandrous and cooperative breeders. They nest in tree holes made by other bird species. [9] [10]

Vocalization

All trumpeters are highly vocal. The dark-winged trumpeter's song has been described as "a series of low humming notes, given singly at first and then doubled." It also makes "various harsh, sharp or raucous 'tset' notes" as both contact and alarm calls. [7]

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the "green-winged", [11] "olive-winged", and "black-winged" trumpeters separately. The "green-winged" (viridis) is Vulnerable. The "olive-winged" (dextralis) is Endangered. The population sizes of these two are unknown and believed to be decreasing due to deforestation and hunting. The "black-winged" (obscura) is Critically Endangered. It has a small range and its estimated population of 50 to 250 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing, like that of the others due to deforestation and hunting. [1] [12] [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Psophia</i> Family of birds from the Amazon

Psophia is a genus of birds restricted to the humid forests of the Amazon and Guiana Shield in South America. It is the only genus in the family Psophiidae. Birds in the genus are commonly known as trumpeters, due to the trumpeting or cackling threat call of the males. The three species resemble slightly taller, longer-legged chickens in size and appearance; they measure 45 to 52 centimetres long and weigh 1 to 1.5 kg. They are rotund birds with long, flexible necks and legs, downward-curving bills and a “hunched” appearance. Their heads are small, but their eyes are relatively large, making them look inquisitive and "good-natured". The plumage is soft, resembling fur or velvet on the head and neck. It is mostly black, with purple, green, or bronze iridescence, particularly on the wing coverts and the lower neck. In the best-known taxa, the secondary and tertial flight feathers are white, grey, or greenish-black and hairlike, falling over the lower back, which is the same colour. These colours give the three generally accepted species their names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-winged trumpeter</span> Species of forest bird from the Amazon

The grey-winged trumpeter is a member of a small family of birds, the Psophiidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green parakeet</span> Species of bird

The green parakeet, green conure or Mexican green conure is a New World parrot. As defined by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), it is native to Mexico and southern Texas in the Rio Grande Valley..

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spot-crowned woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The spot-crowned woodcreeper, is a passerine bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. it is found in Middle America from Mexico to Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cozumel emerald</span> Species of hummingbird

The Cozumel emerald is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is endemic to the Mexican island of Cozumel off the Yucatán Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buff-winged starfrontlet</span> Species of hummingbird

The buff-winged starfrontlet is a species of hummingbird in the "brilliants", tribe Heliantheini in subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-sided hillstar</span> Species of hummingbird

The white-sided hillstar is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spot-winged pigeon</span> Species of bird

The spot-winged pigeon is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-headed crake</span> Species of bird

The chestnut-headed crake is a species of bird in subfamily Rallinae of family Rallidae, the rails, gallinules, and coots. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russet-crowned crake</span> Species of bird

The russet-crowned crake is a species of bird in subfamily Rallinae of family Rallidae, the rails, gallinules, and coots. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, the Guianas, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-winged wood rail</span> Species of bird

The red-winged wood rail is a species of bird in the subfamily Rallinae of the rail, crake, and coot family Rallidae. It is found in Brazil, Ecuador and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale-winged trumpeter</span> Species of bird

The pale-winged trumpeter, also known as the white-winged trumpeter, is a Near Threatened species of bird in the family Psophiidae. It is found in the western Amazon rainforest of Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rusty-vented canastero</span> Species of bird

The rusty-vented canastero, or creamy-breasted canastero, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buff-fronted foliage-gleaner</span> Species of bird

The buff-fronted foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-spangled piculet</span> Species of woodpecker

The golden-spangled piculet is a species of bird in subfamily Picumninae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lettered aracari</span> Species of bird

The lettered aracari or lettered araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gould's inca</span> Species of hummingbird

Gould's inca is a species of hummingbird in subfamily Lesbiinae, the so-called "typical hummingbirds", of family Trochilidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bronze-winged woodpecker</span> Species of bird

The bronze-winged woodpecker is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is endemic to northeastern Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mérida sunangel</span> Species of hummingbird

The Mérida sunangel is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is endemic to Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olive-winged trumpeter</span> Species of bird

The olive-winged trumpeter is a species of bird in the family Psophiidae. It is found in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil, but only east of the Tapajós River and west of the Araguaia River. This species was split from Psophia viridis in 2014. As of 2016, this species is listed as an endangered species.

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2016). "Green-winged Trumpeter Psophia viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T45470705A95158191. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45470705A95158191.en . Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  3. 1 2 Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  4. ↑ HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
  5. ↑ Oppenheimer, M.; Silveira, L.F. (2009). "A taxonomic review of the Dark-winged Trumpeter Psophia viridis (Aves: Gruiformes: Psophiidae)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 49 (41): 547–555. doi: 10.1590/S0031-10492009004100001 .
  6. ↑ Ribas, C.C.; Aleixo, A.; Nogueira, A.C.R.; Miyaki, C.Y.; Cracraft, J. (2011). "A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1729): 681–689. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1120. PMC   3248724 . PMID   21795268.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 del Hoyo, J., P.T. Sherman, G. M. Kirwan, N. Collar, D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2022). Dark-winged Trumpeter (Psophia viridis), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (B. K. Keeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.dawtru1.01.1 retrieved December 1, 2022
  8. ↑ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  9. ↑ Potter, A. B. (2020). Gray-winged Trumpeter (Psophia crepitans), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.gywtru1.01 retrieved November 30, 2022
  10. ↑ Sherman, P.T., P. F. D. Boesman, C. J. Sharpe, and D. A. Christie (2020). Pale-winged Trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pawtru2.01 retrieved December 1, 2022
  11. ↑ BirdLife International. "Green-winged Trumpeter" . Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  12. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Olive-winged Trumpeter Psophia dextralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T45470698A95157690. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45470698A95157690.en . Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  13. ↑ BirdLife International (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Black-winged Trumpeter Psophia obscura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T45470702A125706121. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45470702A125706121.en . Retrieved 1 December 2022.


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