Biology and biochemistry
Type and morphology
Delftia acidovorans is a saprophyte, [6] Gram-negative, non-sporulating, non-denitrifying, non-fermentative rod shaped bacterium. [1] It exists as a single cell or in pairs that are 0.4-0.8 μm wide and 2.5-4.1 μm long. [1] It is motile through polar, or bipolar, tufts of flagella. [1] Tufts can have one to five flagella. [1]
Strains and phylogeny
Delftia acidovorans exists as part of the Betaproteobacteria lineage within the Comamonadaceae family. D. acidovorans strains SPH1, ATCC 1 15668, and Cs 1-4 are closely related. While strains CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 belong to Delftia acidovorans, they are more similar to Delftia tsuruhatensis . CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 are often grouped with D. tsuruhatensis rather than D. acidovorans. [7]
Delftia acidovorans is mesophilic and its optimal growing temperature is 30 °C. [7] It will not survive in psychrophilic conditions. [1] D. acidovorans is a non-halophile that prefers environments with minimal to no salt concentrations for growth. [1] D. acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 are aerobic bacteria. [7]
Delftia acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 can use phenanthrene, pyruvate, vanillate, succinate, formic acid, gluconic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid as carbon sources. [7] D. acidovorans does not produce urease, is catalase and oxidase positive, and oxidizes fructose and mannitol. [5]
Biomineralization
Delftia acidovorans is one of the few bacteria, along with Cupriavidus metallidurans , that can metabolize gold. [8] [2] Au3+ is reduced extracellularly by the non-ribosomal secondary metabolite delftibactin. Delftibactin is a unique metabolite, as it can protect the bacteria from gold toxicity as well as reduce gold ions to solid form. [2] Delftibactin can remove gold from sludges containing seawater and calcium carbonate, and is also capable of retrieving gold from electronic waste. [9] [10] Biohydrometallurgy techniques using D. acidovorans improve recycling profitability and are sustainable alternatives to cyanide leaching. [11] Lead can also be recovered from discarded electronics with D. acidovorans. [3] Attempts to induce delftibactin expression in Escherichia coli were unsuccessful due to the toxicity of the DelH protein. [10]
Delftia acidovorans is capable of converting toxic metals including selenium and chromium ions into harmless products. [3] It can also degrade phenanthrene, which is a carbon source from polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene is a common environmental pollutant. [7]
D. acidovorans can be used to manufacture polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a favorable alternative towards traditional plastic equipment used in medical settings. Traditional plastic manufacturing is resource-consuming and polluting, while PHA production through D. acidovorans is a more sustainable solution. [12]
Role in disease
D. acidovorans is an emergent opportunistic pathogen that demonstrates antibiotic resistance. [6] [13] The infection can cause bacteremia, [14] keratitis, [15] [16] pneumonia, [17] empyema, [18] otitis, [19] and peritonitis. [20] Known sources of infection include contaminated water [19] and catheters. [13] [14] D. acidovorans should be considered a causative organism in patients when water or soil contamination is suspected. [5] D. acidovorans has been isolated from clinical settings as well, such as RO systems, [21] surgical vacuums, [22] and operating bay sinks. [23] Some strains can tolerate chlorhexidine, [24] a common surgical disinfectant.
Infections of D. acidovorans can be confirmed through an orange indole test. [18] Antibiotic resistance to aminoglycosides is common. [6] [13] [18] [17] [20]
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