Delftia acidovorans

Last updated

Delftia acidovorans
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Betaproteobacteria
Order: Burkholderiales
Family: Comamonadaceae
Genus: Delftia
Species:
D. acidovorans
Binomial name
Delftia acidovorans
(den Dooren de Jong 1926)
Wen et al. 1999
Type strain
ATCC 15668T
Synonyms

Comamonas acidovorans(den Dooren de Jong 1926) Tamaoka et al. 1987
Pseudomonas indoloxidansGray 1928
Pseudomonas desmolyticaGray and Thornton 1928
Pseudomonas acidovoransden Dooren de Jong 1926

Contents

Delftia acidovorans is a Gram-negative, motile, non-sporulating, rod-shaped bacterium [1] known for its ability to biomineralize gold [2] and bioremediation characteristics. [3] It was first isolated from soil in Delft, Netherlands. [1] The bacterium was originally categorized as Pseudomonas acidovorans and Comamonas acidovorans before being reclassified as Delftia acidovorans. [4]

History

Delftia acidovorans was originally known as Comamonas acidovorans. [1] It was renamed due to rRNA relatedness [5] and differences from other microbes within the Comamonadaceae family. [1] These differences are evidenced by phylogenetic and phenotypic data. [1] The new name, Delftia acidovorans, is a reference to the city of Delft, where it was first discovered and recorded. [1]

Biology and biochemistry

Type and morphology

Delftia acidovorans is a saphrophyte, [6] Gram-negative, non-sporulating, non-denitrifying, non-fermentative rod shaped bacterium. [1] D. acidovorans exists as a single cell or in pairs that are 0.4-0.8 ųM wide and 2.5-4.1 ųM long. [1] D. acidovorans is motile through polar or bipolar tufts of flagella. [1] Tufts can have one to five flagella. [1]

Strains and phylogeny

Delftia acidovorans exists as part of the Betaproteobacteria lineage within the Comamonadaceae family. D. acidovorans strains SPH1, ATCC 1 15668, and Cs 1-4 are closely related. While strains CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 belong to Delftia acidovorans, they are more similar to Delftia tsuruhatensis . CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 are often grouped with D. tsuruhatensis rather than D. acidovorans. [7]

Metabolism

Delftia acidovorans is mesophilic and its optimal growing temperature is 30 °C. [7] It will not survive in psychrophilic conditions. [1] D. acidovorans is a non-halophile that prefers environments with minimal to no salt concentrations for growth. [1] D. acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 are aerobic bacteria. [7]

Delftia acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 can use phenanthrene, pyruvate, vanillate, succinate, formic acid, gluconic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid as carbon sources. [7] D. acidovorans does not produce urease, is catalase and oxidase positive, and oxidizes fructose and mannitol. [5]

Biomineralization

Delftia acidovorans is one of the few bacteria, along with Cupriavidus metallidurans , that can metabolize gold. [8] [2] Au3+ is reduced extracellularly by the non-ribosomal secondary metabolite delftibactin. Delftibactin is a unique metabolite, as it can protect the bacteria from gold toxicity as well as reduce gold ions to solid form. [2] Delftibactin can remove gold from sludges containing seawater and calcium carbonate, and is also capable of retrieving gold from electronic waste. [9] [10] Biohydrometallurgy techniques using D. acidovorans improve recycling profitability and are sustainable alternatives to cyanide leaching. [11] Lead can also be recovered from discarded electronics with D. acidovorans. [3] Attempts to induce delftibactin expression in Escherichia coli were unsuccessful due to the toxicity of the DelH protein. [10]

Bioremediation and biomanufacturing

Delftia acidovorans is capable of converting toxic metals including selenium and chromium ions into harmless products. [3] It can also degrade phenanthrene, which is a carbon source from polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene is a common environmental pollutant. [7]

D. acidovorans can be used to manufacture polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a favorable alternative towards traditional plastic equipment used in medical settings. Traditional plastic manufacturing is resource-consuming and polluting, while PHA production through D. acidovorans is a more sustainable solution. [12]

Role in disease

D. acidovorans is an emergent opportunistic pathogen that demonstrates antibiotic resistance. [6] [13] The infection can cause bacteremia, [14] keratitis, [15] [16] pneumonia, [17] empyema, [18] otitis, [19] and peritonitis. [20] Known sources of infection include contaminated water [19] and catheters. [13] [14] D. acidovorans should be considered a causative organism in patients when water or soil contamination is suspected. [5] D. acidovorans has been isolated from clinical settings as well, such as RO systems, [21] surgical vacuums, [22] and operating bay sinks. [23] Some strains can tolerate chlorhexidine, [24] a common surgical disinfectant.

Infections of D. acidovorans can be confirmed through an orange indole test. [18] Antibiotic resistance to aminoglycosides is common. [6] [13] [18] [17] [20]

Related Research Articles

<i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Species of bacterium

Streptococcus mutans is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay. It is part of the "streptococci", an informal general name for all species in the genus Streptococcus. The microbe was first described by James Kilian Clarke in 1924.

<i>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</i> Species of bacterium

Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). It is part of the skin flora of humans, and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas. S. haemolyticus also colonizes primates and domestic animals. It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second-most frequently isolated CoNS. Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices. The highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat. Its most closely related species is Staphylococcus borealis.

<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> Species of bacterium

Moraxella catarrhalis is a fastidious, nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans. It causes the infection of the host cell by sticking to the host cell using trimeric autotransporter adhesins.

<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Species of bacterium

Enterococcus faecalis – formerly classified as part of the group D Streptococcus system – is a Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Like other species in the genus Enterococcus, E. faecalis is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic. The probiotic strains such as Symbioflor1 and EF-2001 are characterized by the lack of specific genes related to drug resistance and pathogenesis. As an opportunistic pathogen, E. faecalis can cause life-threatening infections, especially in the nosocomial (hospital) environment, where the naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance found in E. faecalis contribute to its pathogenicity. E. faecalis has been frequently found in reinfected, root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases. Re-infected root canal-treated teeth are about nine times more likely to harbor E. faecalis than cases of primary infections.

<i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> Species of bacterium

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacterium. It is an uncommon bacterium and human infection is difficult to treat. Initially classified as Bacterium bookeri, then renamed Pseudomonas maltophilia, S. maltophilia was also grouped in the genus Xanthomonas before eventually becoming the type species of the genus Stenotrophomonas in 1993.

<i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. P. stutzeri is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the P. stutzeri group, to which it lends its name.

Delftia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that was first isolated from soil in Delft, Netherlands. The species is named after both the city, and in honor of pioneering research in the field of bacteriology that occurred in Delft. Cells in the genus Delftia are rod shaped and straight or slightly curved. Cells occur singly or in pairs, are 0.4–0.8ɥM wide and 2.5–4.1 μm long. Delftia species are motile by flagella, nonsporulating, and chemo-organotrophic.

<i>Comamonas testosteroni</i> Species of bacterium

Comamonas testosteroni is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium capable of utilizing testosterone as a carbon source, and degrading other sterols such as ergosterol and estrogens. Strain I2gfp has been used in bioaugmentation trials, in attempts to treat the industrial byproduct 3-chloroaniline. It was first classified as a human pathogen in 1987 according to the National Library of Medicine. After years of testing, it has been revealed that it can digest certain types of plastic.

Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidota and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.

Klebsiella aerogenes, previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, citrate-positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. Capable of motility via peritrichous flagella, the bacterium is approximately 1–3 microns in length.

<i>Veillonella parvula</i> Species of bacterium

Veillonella parvula is a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, coccus-shaped bacterium in the genus Veillonella. It is a normal part of the oral flora but can be associated with diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries as well as various systemic infections, including meningitis and osteomyelitis. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis and has been associated with hypertension together with Campylobacter rectus and Prevotella melaninogenica.

Cupriavidus metallidurans is a non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium which is adapted to survive several forms of heavy metal stress.

Comamonas acidovorans is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Comamonas and family Comamonadaceae. C. acidovorans occur in soil, mud, and water in Japan, the Netherlands, Great Britain, the US, Spain, and Sweden. It has a major role in natural biodegradation.

Delftia tsuruhatensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family. It was first isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Japan in 2003. D. tsuruhatensis is an opportunistic and emergent pathogen. All documented human infections are healthcare-associated.

Delftia lacustris is a Gram-negative, nonfermentative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium from the family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from mesotrophic lake water in Denmark. It has the ability to degrade peptidoglycan through chitinase and lysozyme activity.

Leptospirillum ferriphilum is an iron-oxidising bacterium able to exist in environments of high acidity, high iron concentrations, and moderate to moderately high temperatures. It is one of the species responsible for the generation of acid mine drainage and the principal microbe used in industrial biohydrometallurgy processes to extract metals.

Brucella intermedia is a bacterium from the genus of Brucella. It was first described by Velasco and others in 1998. It causes diseases in humans only rarely, with single case reports of cholangitis following liver transplantation, bacteremia in a patient with bladder cancer, a pelvic abscess after abdominal surgery, dyspepsia, endophthalmitis in the presence of a foreign body, pneumonia, and endocarditis.

Acinetobacter lwoffii, formerly known as Mima polymorpha or Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffii, is a non-fermentative Gram-negative bacillus bacterium that is a member of the genus Acinetobacter. It is considered as normal skin flora and can also inhabit the human oropharynx and perineum of up to 25% of the population. In addition to that, it can cause infections in human hosts, particularly catheter-associated infections in immunocompromised patients. It has also been associated with at least one case of gastroenteritis. Due to its ability to survive dry conditions, low pH, and a wide range of temperatures, A. lwoffii, along with A. johnsonii, has been found in frozen food, bacon, eggs, pasteurized milk, and fish. It is also resistant to many disinfectants, irradiation, and desiccation. There are also many environmental A. lwoffii strains originating for instance from a permafrost or former gold mine.

Host microbe interactions in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>

Caenorhabditis elegans- microbe interactions are defined as any interaction that encompasses the association with microbes that temporarily or permanently live in or on the nematode C. elegans. The microbes can engage in a commensal, mutualistic or pathogenic interaction with the host. These include bacterial, viral, unicellular eukaryotic, and fungal interactions. In nature C. elegans harbours a diverse set of microbes. In contrast, C. elegans strains that are cultivated in laboratories for research purposes have lost the natural associated microbial communities and are commonly maintained on a single bacterial strain, Escherichia coli OP50. However, E. coli OP50 does not allow for reverse genetic screens because RNAi libraries have only been generated in strain HT115. This limits the ability to study bacterial effects on host phenotypes. The host microbe interactions of C. elegans are closely studied because of their orthologs in humans. Therefore, the better we understand the host interactions of C. elegans the better we can understand the host interactions within the human body.

Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii. These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic. The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001. Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC. These six genera are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wen, Aimin; Fegan, Mark; Hayward, Chris; Chakraborty, Sukumar; Sly, Lindsay (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Comamonadaceae, and description of Delftia acidovorans (den Dooren de Jong 1926 and Tarnoaka et al. 1987) gen. nov., comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (2): 567–576. doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-2-567 . PMID   10319477.
  2. 1 2 3 Johnston, Chad W.; Wyatt, Morgan A.; Li, Xiang; Ibrahim, Ashraf; Shuster, Jeremiah; Southam, Gordon; Magarvey, Nathan A. (2013). "Gold biomineralization by a metallophore from a gold-associated microbe". Nature Chemical Biology. 9 (4): 241–243. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1179. ISSN   1552-4469. PMID   23377039.
  3. 1 2 3 Ubalde, Martha C.; Braña, Victoria; Sueiro, Fabiana; Morel, María A.; Martínez-Rosales, Cecilia; Marquez, Carolina; Castro-Sowinski, Susana (2012). "The Versatility of Delftia sp. Isolates as Tools for Bioremediation and Biofertilization Technologies". Current Microbiology. 64 (6): 597–603. doi:10.1007/s00284-012-0108-5. ISSN   0343-8651. PMID   22476956. S2CID   1464049.
  4. ↑ Rema, Tara; Lawrence, John R.; Dynes, James J.; Hitchcock, Adam P.; Korber, Darren R. (2014-10-01). "Microscopic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Delftia acidovorans Biofilms". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (10): 5673–5686. doi:10.1128/AAC.02984-14. ISSN   0066-4804. PMC   4187954 . PMID   25022584.
  5. 1 2 3 Mahmood, S.; Taylor, K. E.; Overman, T. L.; McCormick, M. I. (2012-11-01). "Acute Infective Endocarditis Caused by Delftia acidovorans, a Rare Pathogen Complicating Intravenous Drug Use". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 50 (11): 3799–3800. doi:10.1128/JCM.00553-12. ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   3486206 . PMID   22933597.
  6. 1 2 3 Kawamura, Ichiro; Yagi, Tetsuya; Hatakeyama, Kazuhito; Hasegawa, Yoshinori; Ohkura, Teruko; Ohkusu, Kiyofumi; Takahashi, Yoshiyuki; Kojima, Seiji (2011). "Recurrent vascular catheter-related bacteremia caused by Delftia acidovorans with different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 17 (1): 111–113. doi:10.1007/s10156-010-0089-x. PMID   20628778. S2CID   41936424.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Shetty, Ameesha R.; de Gannes, Vidya; Obi, Chioma C.; Lucas, Susan; Lapidus, Alla; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Goodwin, Lynne A.; Pitluck, Samuel; Peters, Linda; Mikhailova, Natalia; Teshima, Hazuki (2015). "Complete genome sequence of the phenanthrene-degrading soil bacterium Delftia acidovorans Cs1-4". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 10: 55. doi: 10.1186/s40793-015-0041-x . ISSN   1944-3277. PMC   4572682 . PMID   26380642.
  8. ↑ Rea, Maria Angelica; Zammit, Carla M.; Reith, Frank (2016-06-01). "Bacterial biofilms on gold grains—implications for geomicrobial transformations of gold". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 92 (6): fiw082. doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiw082 . ISSN   0168-6496. PMID   27098381.
  9. ↑ Yusoff, A H M; Nading, M E; Salimi, M N (2017). "Extraction of gold (Au) particles from sea water by Delftia Acidovorans microbes". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 908 (1): 012045. Bibcode:2017JPhCS.908a2045Y. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/908/1/012045 . ISSN   1742-6588.
  10. 1 2 "Gold Recycling. Using Delfibactin to Recycle Gold from Electronic Waste". iGEM.
  11. ↑ Kaksonen, Anna H.; Boxall, Naomi J.; Gumulya, Yosephine; Khaleque, Himel N.; Morris, Christina; Bohu, Tsing; Cheng, Ka Yu; Usher, Kayley M.; Lakaniemi, Aino-Maija (2018-09-01). "Recent progress in biohydrometallurgy and microbial characterisation". Hydrometallurgy. 180: 7–25. Bibcode:2018HydMe.180....7K. doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.06.018. ISSN   0304-386X. S2CID   103359824.
  12. ↑ Romanelli, Maria Giovanna; Povolo, Silvana; Favaro, Lorenzo; Fontana, Federico; Basaglia, Marina; Casella, Sergio (2014). "Engineering Delftia acidovorans DSM39 to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates from slaughterhouse waste". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 71: 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.049. PMID   24704165.
  13. 1 2 3 Chotikanatis, Kobkul; Bäcker, Martin; Rosas-Garcia, Gabriela; Hammerschlag, Margaret R. (2011). "Recurrent Intravascular-Catheter-Related Bacteremia Caused by Delftia acidovorans in a Hemodialysis Patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 (9): 3418–3421. doi:10.1128/JCM.00625-11. ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   3165601 . PMID   21775546.
  14. 1 2 Lang, K. J.; Chinzowu, T.; Cann, K. J. (2012). "Delftia acidovorans as an Unusual Causative Organism in Line-Related Sepsis". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 52 (1): 102–103. doi:10.1007/s12088-011-0221-3. ISSN   0046-8991. PMC   3298582 . PMID   23450157.
  15. ↑ Lee, Sang Mok; Kim, Mee Kum; Lee, Jae Lim; Wee, Won Ryang; Lee, Jin Hak (2008). "Experience of Comamonas Acidovorans Keratitis with Delayed Onset and Treatment Response in Immunocompromised Cornea". Korean Journal of Ophthalmology. 22 (1): 49–52. doi:10.3341/kjo.2008.22.1.49. ISSN   1011-8942. PMC   2629953 . PMID   18323706.
  16. ↑ Langman, ME; Dighiero, PL; Gicquel, JJ (2007-10-02). "Comamonas: a not so comon agent in hydrogel contact lens wearers". Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 85: 0. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01062_3296.x.
  17. 1 2 Yildiz, Hanifi; Sünnetçioğlu, Aysel; Ekin, Selami; Baran, İrfan; Özgökçe, Mesut; Aşker, Selvi; Üney, İbrahim; Akyüz, Sümeyye (2020-02-10). Turgut, Engin (ed.). "Delftia Acidovorans pneumonia with lung cavities formation". Colombia Medica. 50 (3): 215–221. doi:10.25100/cm.v50i3.4025. PMC   7141147 . PMID   32284666.
  18. 1 2 3 Khan, Sadia; Sistla, Sujatha; Dhodapkar, Rahul; Parija, Subhash Chandra (2012). "Fatal Delftia acidovorans infection in an immunocompetent patient with empyema". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2 (11): 923–924. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60254-8. PMC   3609244 . PMID   23569872.
  19. 1 2 Reina, Jordi; Llompart, Isabel; Alomar, Pedro (March 1991). "Acute suppurative otitis caused by Comamonas acidovorans". Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 13 (5): 38–39. doi:10.1016/0196-4399(91)90006-H.
  20. 1 2 Artan, Ayse Serra; Gursu, Meltem; Elcioglu, Omer Celal; Kazancioglu, Rumeyza (2020). "Delftia Acidovorans Peritonitis in a Patient Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis". Turkish Journal of Nephrology. 29 (4): 326–328. doi: 10.5152/turkjnephrol.2020.4204 .
  21. ↑ Yassin, Mohamed H.; Abramovitz, Blaise; Hariri, Rahman; McKibben, Leeanna; Pinevich, A.J. (2020). "Delftia acidovorans pseudo outbreak in portable reverse osmosis machines: Interventions to ensure safe and cost-effective hemodialysis". American Journal of Infection Control. 48 (3): 304–308. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.027. ISSN   0196-6553. PMID   31952870. S2CID   210708340.
  22. ↑ Miño de Kaspar, Herminia; Grasbon, Thomas; Kampik, Anselm (2000). "Automated surgical equipment requires routine disinfection of vacuum control manifold to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis". Ophthalmology. 107 (4): 685–690. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00178-5. ISSN   0161-6420. PMID   10768329.
  23. ↑ Ta, C.; Wong, G.; Cole, W.; Medvedev, G. (2020-09-01). "Scrub sink contamination and transmission to operating room personnel". New Microbes and New Infections. 37: 100754. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100754. ISSN   2052-2975. PMC   7502367 . PMID   32995014.
  24. ↑ Rema, Tara; Lawrence, John R.; Dynes, James J.; Hitchcock, Adam P.; Korber, Darren R. (2014). "Microscopic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Delftia acidovorans Biofilms". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (10): 5673–5686. doi:10.1128/AAC.02984-14. ISSN   0066-4804. PMC   4187954 . PMID   25022584.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.