Dictyota

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Dictyota
Capo Gallo Dicotoma.jpg
Dictyota dichotoma at Capo Gallo, Palermo, Sicily
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Subphylum: Ochrophytina
Class: Phaeophyceae
Order: Dictyotales
Family: Dictyotaceae
Genus: Dictyota
J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 [1]
Type species
Dictyota dichotoma
Species

See text

Dictyota is a genus of brown seaweed in the family Dictyotaceae. Species are predominantly found in tropical and subtropical seas, and are known to contain numerous chemicals (diterpenes) which have potential medicinal value. As at the end of 2017, some 237 different diterpenes had been identified from across the genus. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The genus Dictyota was first described by Jean Vincent Lamouroux in 1809. [2] The name Dictyota is derived from the Greek word “Διχτυον” meaning “net” or “network”, referring to the inner cellular structure of specimens when viewed under a microscope, which features netted cortical and medullary cells. [3]

Dictyota belongs to the order Dictyotales and the SSDO-clade, which also includes the orders Sphacelariales, Syringodermatales, and Onslowiales. The family Dictyotaceae is divided into two tribes: Dictyoteae and Zonarieae. The former have a single lens-shaped apical cell from which the thallus grows, while the latter are characterized by a row or cluster of apical cells. [3]  The genera Glossophora, Glossophorella, and Pachdictyon are synonyms of Dictyota as DNA sequencing revealed that they were closely related. [4]

Morphology

External characteristics

Dictyota has "flat, ribbon-like axes" which exhibit dichotomous branching that may be either isotomous (equal or symmetrical) or anisotomous (unequal). [3] Isotomous branches may be recurved, while anisotomous branches may become falcate (hooked), or cervicorn, if combined with twisting axes. [3] Apical meristems of Dictyota species have been reported to be either truncate, rounded, or acute. [3] A considerable degree of morphological plasticity has been observed from branching patterns, thus making molecular analyses indispensable when identifying species. [3]

Colors of living thalli range from dark brown to green (as in D. friabilis) [3] or blue (as in D. cyanoloma). [5] The thalli grow from apical cells which differentiate into an outer cortical and an inner medullary cell layer. Cortical cells on the margins of the thalli may grow into leaf-like projections or teeth (as in D. ciliolata and D. cyanoloma) [6] while adventitious branches may grow from the central cortical cells. [3] Thalli may also grow hair (20-50 um in diameter). [7] Thalli attach to the substrate via rhizoids which are multicellular, uniseriate, branching, and hyaline (glassy or transparent). Different species may have one or several attachment points which can lead to a wide range of growth forms (i.e. creeping thalli or fully erect). [8]

Thallus of Dictyota dichotoma (Garcia, 1988) Dictyota-dichotoma-19880601-a.jpg
Thallus of Dictyota dichotoma (Garcia, 1988)

Internal anatomy

The thalli are parenchymatous and are characterized by one or more apical cells that divide into an outer cortical and an inner medullary cell layer which can have several different configurations (e.g. uni-layered cortex with unilayered medulla, uni-layered cortex with multi-layered medulla, etc.). [3]

Distribution

Dictyota is distributed along tropical to temperate waters with species having generally restricted geographic ranges. [3] It is the most abundant genus of brown algae in the Mediterranean Sea as well as the Atlantic coasts of Europe. [9]

Ecology

Species of the genus are commonly found in subtidal to intertidal rocky pools. Seasonality in species' abundances as well as fertility are driven mainly by temperature, photoperiod, and solar radiation. For instance, populations of D. dichotoma in the southern hemisphere are highly abundant for a majority of the year but are largely absent in the warmer months, which is when its northern counterparts are most abundant and fertile. [3]

Life History

Dictyota exhibits an isomorphic life cycle wherein the alternating gametophyte and sporophyte phases appear morphologically similar. This alternation co-occurs with a change in ploidy. The gametophytes produce gametes which undergo fertilization to produce the diploid sporophyte, which then produces sporangia which will release 4 haploid spores through meiosis. Half of the haploid spores will develop into the female gametophytes while the other half will develop into male gametophytes, starting the process over again. [10] [11]

Dictyota is dioecious and reproduces both sexually and asexually. Release of gametes follows a diurnal and lunar periodicity. [12] Gametes are often released 20–30 minutes after first light, [13] with peaks occurring once or twice a month depending on the species. [14] [15] Asexual reproduction may occur via adventitious branching following the loss of the apical meristem. [16]

Chemical Composition

Dictyota is known to have high levels of fatty acids and lipids which makes the genus ideal for use as feedstock. [17] [18] The pigments found in Dictyota are Chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin and violaxanthin which are present in a ratio of 13:3:10:1. [19] This ratio may be altered by depth. [20]

Exploitation/Utilization and Management

The genus is not currently cultivated nor harvested on an industrial scale. [3] It is mainly exploited for its secondary metabolites which are known to have anticoagulant, [21] [22] antibacterial, [23] anti-inflammatory [24] properties, among others, making them useful for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications. For instance, there is evidence that methanolic extracts of Dictyota inhibits the butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzyme in humans, which could potentially treat Alzheimer's disease. [25] [26]

Other applications include its use as biofuel - due to the high lipid content of some species [27] - and as supplemental feeds for poultry, cattle, and fish. [3] A study in 2014 found that feeds with D. bartayresiana supplements could potentially reduce in vitro methane production of ruminants by 92.2%, which may have implications for reducing emissions from the agricultural sector. [28]

Species

The genus Dictyota contains the following species: [29] [30]

Related Research Articles

<i>Gracilaria</i> Genus of seaweeds

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<i>Codium</i> Genus of algae

Codium is a genus of edible green macroalgae under the order Bryopsidales. The genus name is derived from a Greek word that pertains to the soft texture of its thallus. One of the foremost experts on Codium taxonomy was Paul Claude Silva at the University of California, Berkeley. P.C. Silva was able to describe 36 species for the genus and in honor of his work on Codium, the species C. silvae was named after the late professor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dictyotales</span> Order of algae

Dictyotales is a large order in the brown algae. Members of this order generally prefer warmer waters than other brown algae. One genus in this order is calcareous, Padina, the only calcareous member of this phylum.

<i>Bryopsis</i> Genus of algae

Bryopsis is a genus of marine green algae in the family Bryopsidaceae. It is frequently a pest in aquariums, where it is commonly referred to as hair algae.

<i>Turbinaria</i> (alga) Genus of seaweeds

Turbinaria is a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) found primarily in tropical marine waters. It generally grows on rocky substrates. In tropical Turbinaria species that are often preferentially consumed by herbivorous fishes and echinoids, there is a relatively low level of phenolics and tannins.

<i>Halymenia</i> Genus of algae

Halymenia a genus of a macroscopic red algae that grows in oceans worldwide.

<i>Jania</i> (alga) Genus of algae

Jania is a genus of red macroalgae with hard, calcareous, branching skeletons in the family Corallinaceae.

<i>Plocamium</i> Genus of algae

Plocamium is a genus of red algae in the family Plocamiaceae. It contains around 40 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate seas, although it is most diverse in the southern hemisphere. It is widely distributed in tropical and also warm-temperate and cold-temperate seas, such as northern Europe, the northern Arabian Sea and western Australia. They are also found in the Antarctic regions of Admiralty Bay and Terra Nova Bay.

<i>Laurencia</i> Genus of algae

Laurencia is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to 65 m (213 ft).

<i>Desmarestia</i> Genus of brown algae

Desmarestia is a genus of brown algae found worldwide. It is also called acid weed, acidweed, oseille de mer, sea sorrel, ウルシグサ, stacheltang, mermaid's hair, landlady's wig, or gruagach. However, 'sea sorrel' can also specifically refer to Desmarestia viridis. Members of this genus can be either annual or perennial. Annual members of this genus store sulfuric acid in intracellular vacuoles. When exposed to air they release the acid, thereby destroying themselves and nearby seaweeds in the process. They are found in shallow intertidal zones.

<i>Lobophora</i> (alga) Genus of brown algae

Lobophora is a genus of thalloid brown seaweed of the Phylum Ochrophyta; Class Phaeophyceae.

<i>Hypnea</i> Genus of algae

Hypnea is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte.

Dictyota implexa is a species of brown alga found in the temperate eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

<i>Dictyota dichotoma</i> Species of brown algae

Dictyota dichotoma is a species of Brown algae found in the temperate western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean.

References

  1. ↑ Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1809). Exposition des charactères du genre Dictyota, et tableu des espèces qu'il referme. Journal de Botanique (Desvaux) 2: 38-44.
  2. 1 2 Chen, Jiayun; Li, Hong; Zhao, Zishuo; Xia, Xue; Li, Bo; Zhang, Jinrong; Yan, Xiaojun (2018-05-11). "Diterpenes from the Marine Algae of the Genus Dictyota". Marine Drugs. 16 (5): 159. doi: 10.3390/md16050159 . PMC   5983290 . PMID   29751686.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bogaert, Kenny A.; Delva, Soria; De Clerck, Olivier (2020-05-12). "Concise review of the genus Dictyota J.V. Lamouroux". Journal of Applied Phycology. 32 (3): 1521–1543. doi:10.1007/s10811-020-02121-4. ISSN   0921-8971. S2CID   218593470.
  4. ↑ De Clerck, Olivier; Leliaert, Frederik; Verbruggen, Heroen; Lane, Christopher E.; De Paula, Joel Campos; Payo, Dioli Ann; Coppejans, Eric (2006-11-16). "A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE DICTYOTEAE (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) BASED ON rbc L AND 26S RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSES 1". Journal of Phycology. 42 (6): 1271–1288. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00279.x. ISSN   0022-3646. S2CID   84891225.
  5. ↑ Steen, Frederique; Aragay, Joana; Zuljevic, Ante; Verbruggen, Heroen; Mancuso, Francesco Paolo; Bunker, Francis; Vitales, Daniel; Gómez Garreta, Amelia; De Clerck, Olivier (2017-01-02). "Tracing the introduction history of the brown seaweed Dictyota cyanoloma (Phaeophyceae, Dictyotales) in Europe". European Journal of Phycology. 52 (1): 31–42. doi:10.1080/09670262.2016.1212998. hdl: 10261/170800 . ISSN   0967-0262. S2CID   51828243.
  6. ↑ Tronholm, Ana; Steen, Frederique; Tyberghein, Lennert; Leliaert, Frederik; Verbruggen, Heroen; Antonia Ribera Siguan, M.; De Clerck, Olivier (2010-11-02). "Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and Biogeography of Dictyota in Europe (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae)1". Journal of Phycology. 46 (6): 1301–1321. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00908.x. ISSN   0022-3646. S2CID   85835196.
  7. ↑ Müller, S.; Clauss, H. (May 1976). "Aspects of Photomorphogenesis in the Brown Alga Dictyota dichotoma". Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie. 78 (5): 461–465. doi:10.1016/s0044-328x(76)80095-5. ISSN   0044-328X.
  8. ↑ Pedersen, Poul Møller (July 2003). "De Clerck, O.2003. The genus Dictyota (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta) in the Indian Ocean". Nordic Journal of Botany. 23 (3): 344. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2003.tb00403.x. ISSN   0107-055X.
  9. ↑ Baweja, P.; Kumar, S.; Sahoo, D.; Levine, I. (2016), "Biology of Seaweeds", Seaweed in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier, pp. 41–106, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802772-1.00003-8, ISBN   9780128027721 , retrieved 2021-12-01
  10. ↑ WILLIAMS, J. LLOYD (April 1904). "Studies in the Dictyotaceae". Annals of Botany. os-18 (2): 183–184. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088957. ISSN   1095-8290.
  11. ↑ Hoyt, W. D. (January 1910). "Alternation of Generations and Sexuality in Dictyota dichotoma". Botanical Gazette. 49 (1): 55–57. doi: 10.1086/330090 . ISSN   0006-8071. S2CID   84023482.
  12. ↑ WILLIAMS, J. LLOYD (October 1905). "Studies in the Dictyotaceae". Annals of Botany. os-19 (4): 531–560. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089027. ISSN   1095-8290.
  13. ↑ Phillips, J. A.; Clayton, M. N.; Maier, I.; Boland, W.; Müller, D. G. (September 1990). "Sexual reproduction in Dictyota diemensis (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta)". Phycologia. 29 (3): 367–379. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-29-3-367.1. ISSN   0031-8884.
  14. ↑ MÜLLER, DIETER (1962). "Über jahres- und lunarperiodische Erscheinungen bei einigen Braunalgen". Botanica Marina. 4 (1–2). doi:10.1515/botm.1962.4.1-2.140. ISSN   0006-8055. S2CID   84675238.
  15. ↑ Phillips, JA (1992). "Taxonomy and reproduction in Australian species of Diliphus (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta)". Australian Systematic Botany. 5 (6): 657. doi:10.1071/sb9920657. ISSN   1030-1887.
  16. ↑ Tanaka, Atsuko; Hoshino, Yoichiro; Nagasato, Chikako; Motomura, Taizo (2016-10-04). "Branch regeneration induced by sever damage in the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma (dictyotales, phaeophyceae)". Protoplasma. 254 (3): 1341–1351. doi:10.1007/s00709-016-1025-4. ISSN   0033-183X. PMID   27704277. S2CID   38764307.
  17. ↑ Montgomery, W. Linn; Gerking, Shelby D. (April 1980). "Marine macroalgae as foods for fishes: an evaluation of potential food quality". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 5 (2): 143–153. doi:10.1007/bf02391621. ISSN   0378-1909. S2CID   11118031.
  18. ↑ Pillans, R. D.; Franklin, C. E.; Tibbetts, I. R. (February 2004). "Food choice in Siganus fuscescens: influence of macrophyte nutrient content and availability". Journal of Fish Biology. 64 (2): 297–309. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00261.x. ISSN   0022-1112.
  19. ↑ Mimuro, Mamoru; Katoh, Tetzuya; Kawai, Hiroshi (February 1990). "Spatial arrangement of pigments and their interaction in the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll ac protein assembly (FCPA) isolated from the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma. Analysis by means of polarized spectroscopy". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1015 (3): 450–456. doi:10.1016/0005-2728(90)90078-i. ISSN   0005-2728.
  20. ↑ Perez-Bermudez, P.; Garcia-Carrascosa, M.; Cornejo, M.J.; Segura, J. (January 1981). "Water-depth effects in photosynthetic pigment content of the benthic algae Dictyota dichotoma and Udotea petiolata". Aquatic Botany. 11: 373–377. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(81)90070-x. ISSN   0304-3770.
  21. ↑ Costa, L.S.; Fidelis, G.P.; Cordeiro, S.L.; Oliveira, R.M.; Sabry, D.A.; Câmara, R.B.G.; Nobre, L.T.D.B.; Costa, M.S.S.P.; Almeida-Lima, J.; Farias, E.H.C.; Leite, E.L. (January 2010). "Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 64 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2009.03.005. ISSN   0753-3322. PMID   19766438.
  22. ↑ de Andrade Moura, Laura; Marqui de Almeida, Ana; Domingos, Thaisa; Ortiz-Ramirez, Fredy; Cavalcanti, Diana; Teixeira, Valéria; Fuly, André (2014-04-30). "Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Effects of Diterpenes Isolated from the Marine Alga, Dictyota menstrualis". Marine Drugs. 12 (5): 2471–2484. doi: 10.3390/md12052471 . ISSN   1660-3397. PMC   4052301 . PMID   24796305.
  23. ↑ Chen, Jiayun; Li, Hong; Zhao, Zishuo; Xia, Xue; Li, Bo; Zhang, Jinrong; Yan, Xiaojun (2018-05-11). "Diterpenes from the Marine Algae of the Genus Dictyota". Marine Drugs. 16 (5): 159. doi: 10.3390/md16050159 . ISSN   1660-3397. PMC   5983290 . PMID   29751686.
  24. ↑ Zhao, Min; Cheng, Shimiao; Yuan, Weiping; Dong, Jianyong; Huang, Kexin; Sun, Zhongmin; Yan, Pengcheng (2015). "Further New Xenicanes from a Chinese Collection of the Brown Alga Dictyota plectens". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 63 (12): 1081–1086. doi: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00556 . ISSN   0009-2363. PMID   26377234. S2CID   24649391.
  25. ↑ Stirk, Wendy A.; Reinecke, Diana L.; van Staden, Johannes (2007-01-20). "Seasonal variation in antifungal, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase activity in seven South African seaweeds". Journal of Applied Phycology. 19 (3): 271–276. doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9134-7. ISSN   0921-8971. S2CID   12091706.
  26. ↑ Suganthy, N.; Karutha Pandian, S.; Pandima Devi, K. (January 2010). "Neuroprotective effect of seaweeds inhabiting South Indian coastal area (Hare Island, Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve): Cholinesterase inhibitory effect of Hypnea valentiae and Ulva reticulata". Neuroscience Letters. 468 (3): 216–219. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.001. ISSN   0304-3940. PMID   19897016. S2CID   3193609.
  27. ↑ Gosch, Björn J.; Magnusson, Marie; Paul, Nicholas A.; de Nys, Rocky (2012-05-15). "Total lipid and fatty acid composition of seaweeds for the selection of species for oil-based biofuel and bioproducts". GCB Bioenergy. 4 (6): 919–930. doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01175.x . ISSN   1757-1693. S2CID   86480026.
  28. ↑ Machado, Lorenna; Magnusson, Marie; Paul, Nicholas A.; de Nys, Rocky; Tomkins, Nigel (2014-01-22). "Effects of Marine and Freshwater Macroalgae on In Vitro Total Gas and Methane Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e85289. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...985289M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085289 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3898960 . PMID   24465524.
  29. ↑ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2018). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Dictyota J.V.Lamouroux, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=144086 Archived 2018-07-13 at the Wayback Machine on 2018-07-12
  30. 1 2 3 M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=oe101e7b01e405395  ; searched on 12 July 2018.
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