| Dictyotus caenosus | |
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| Species: | D. caenosus |
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| Dictyotus caenosus (Westwood, 1837) | |
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Dictyotus caenosus, commonly known as the brown shield bug, is an Australian species of stink bug that has been introduced into New Zealand and New Caledonia. [1]
Adults are between 8-10mm in length, predominantly brown, with a yellow connexivum interrupted by black bars (on the sides of the abdomen). [2] Eggs are around 0.9mm in height and diameter, pale yellowish-green when first deposited, but which subsequently take on a lemon yellow colour, and finally pink closer to hatching. [3]
The life cycle of Dictyotus caenosus is similar to other Pentatomidae. [4] Adults mate in spring and late summer and lay eggs in early summer. Clusters of around 18 eggs are laid on leaves or at the base of plants. Initially, eggs are a pale yellow colour, but as development progresses, the eggs eventually darken and show the eye spots and egg burster on the nymph. Nymphs all hatch from the eggs around the same time and remain near the egg mass until moulting to the second nymph stage or 'instar'. Moulting results in the nymph shedding its outer exoskeleton, which it leaves behind on its host plant. The nymphs progress through five instars before a final moult to adult. Adults are capable of flight, while nymphs are restricted to dispersing through walking. Adults are most abundant from January to March, and those surviving to the end of the season overwinter at the base of plants or under stones. [2]
Brown shield bugs are native to Australia where they are widespread in grassy areas. They are considered adventive in New Zealand, where they are widespread and associated with wild grasses such as Plantago, and pasture crops such as lucerne. [4] [5] They are also present in New Caledonia. [2]
In New Zealand, D. caenosus is often associated with herbaceous plants and grasses in a variety of different habitats. [2] It is commonly found on roadsides, swamps, scrubland, on the edges of cultivated fields, and in paddocks. Host plants include Brassica rapa, Fragaria sp., Medicago sativa, Pisum sp., Rubus spp.,Solanum aviculare, Trifolium repens, Zea mays, fodder beet, grapes, turnips, and potatoes. [2] It is sometimes found in association with native plants such as Avicennia marinasubsp. australasica, Carmichaelia sp., Olearia, Coprosma rhamnoides, Cordyline australis, Dacrydium cupressinum, Festuca novae-zelandiae, Hebe salicifolia, Muehlenbeckia sp., and Myoporum laetum. [2] A number of natural enemies have been recorded using D. caenosus as a host, including the tachinid Cylindromyia bimacula (Walker) in Australia, [6] and the platygastrid egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and T. oenone (Dodd) in New Zealand. [7]
Elasmucha grisea, common name parent bug, is a species of shield bugs or stink bugs belonging to the family Acanthosomatidae. The term parent bugs includes also the other species of the genus Elasmucha and some species of the family Acanthosomatidae.
Scutelleridae is a family of true bugs. They are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration. They are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the thoracic scutellum into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings. This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug. These insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops. Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide.
Acanthosomatidae is a family of Hemiptera, commonly named "shield bugs" or "stink bugs". Kumar in his 1974 world revision recognized 47 genera; now this number is 55 genera, with about 200 species, and it is one of the least diverse families within Pentatomoidea. The Acanthosomatidae species are found throughout the world, being most abundant in high-latitude temperate regions and in subtropical regions at high altitudes.
The green shield bug is a European shield bug species in the family Pentatomidae. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe Nezarini, or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might more appropriately belong to the larger North American bug, Chinavia hilaris. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout Europe, including Great Britain & Ireland, and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens. They have been found as far north as 63° N latitude.
The brown marmorated stink bug is an insect in the family Pentatomidae, native to China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian regions. In September 1998, it was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where it is believed to have been accidentally introduced. The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants, including many agricultural crops, and by 2010–11 had become a season-long pest in orchards in the Eastern United States. In 2010, in the Mid-Atlantic United States, $37 million in apple crops were lost, and some stone fruit growers lost more than 90% of their crops. Since the 2010s, the bug has spread to the nation of Georgia and Turkey and caused extensive damage to hazelnut production. It is now established in many parts of North America, and has recently become established in Europe and South America.
Picromerus bidens, the spiny shieldbug or spiked shieldbug, is a carnivorous species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae.
Eurydema oleracea is a species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae and is commonly known as the rape bug, the crucifer shield bug, the cabbage bug or the brassica bug.
Nezara viridula, commonly known as the southern green stink bug (USA), southern green shield bug (UK) or green vegetable bug, is a plant-feeding stink bug. Believed to have originated in Ethiopia, it can now be found across the world. Because of its preference for certain species of legumes, such as beans and soybeans, it is an economically important pest on such crops.
Bagrada hilaris is a species of shield bug known by the common names bagrada bug and painted bug. It could be mistaken for or erroneously referred to as harlequin bug. It is native to southeastern Africa. It is known elsewhere as an introduced species, including California and Arizona, where it was first reported in 2008. It is a major pest insect of Brassica oleracea crops, and related crucifers such as turnips, rape, and mustard. The adult and nymph of the species suck sap from the leaves of the plants, causing wilting, yellowing, and stunting of growth. Besides crucifers, the bugs are known on papaya, sorghum, maize, potato, cotton, caper, pearl millet, and some legumes. Large numbers of the bug congregate on the plants and cause extensive damage.
Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera.
Eriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple aphid, woolly aphid or American blight, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants.
Cermatulus nasalis is a species of predatory shield bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is commonly known as the brown soldier bug or glossy shield bug and is native to Australia and New Zealand.
Piezodorus lituratus, the gorse shield bug, is a species of Pentatomidae, a family of shield bugs.
Euthyrhynchus floridanus, the Florida predatory stink bug, is a species of carnivorous shield bug in the family Pentatomidae, the only species in the genus Euthyrhynchus. It is native to the hottest parts of the southeastern United States and is considered beneficial because it feeds on many species of pest insects. They also feed on things such as grasshoppers and other small insects. This species also hunts in a pack, with up to twelve.
Chlorochroa is a genus of shield (stink) bugs in the family Pentatomidae, found in Europe and North America. There are over 20 described species in Chlorochroa.
Hypsithocus hudsonae, sometimes called the alpine shield bug or black alpine shield bug, is a species of flightless shield bug endemic to New Zealand. Few specimens have ever been collected and these have come from a relatively narrow geographical range. The New Zealand Department of Conservation classifies this species as 'At Risk,' with qualifiers 'data poor' and 'range restricted.'
Monteithiella humeralis, commonly known as the pittosporum shield bug is a species of herbivorous shield bug native to Australia and introduced in New Zealand. As its common name suggests, it is most commonly observed feeding on Pittosporum plants.
Trissolcus basalis, or the green vegetable bug egg parasitoid, is a parasitoid wasp in the family Platygastridae known primarily for parasitising the horticultural pest Nezara viridula, the green vegetable bug.
Trissolcus oenone is a parasitoid wasp in the family Platygastridae, native to Australia and New Zealand. It parasitises the eggs of stink bugs (Pentatomidae), but little is known about its biology.
Cuspicona simplex, commonly known as the green potato bug, is a herbivorous species of stink bug native to Australia and introduced to New Zealand. It feeds on nightshades. It is primarily known as a pest of potatoes, tomatoes, and other crops in the nightshade family.