Pentatomoidea

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Pentatomoidea
Temporal range: Early Jurassic – Recent
Acanthosoma labiduroides (male).jpg
Male Acanthosoma labiduroides
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Leach 1815
Families

See text

The Pentatomoidea are a superfamily of insects in the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera. As hemipterans, they possess a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. [1] The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 families (16 extant and 5 extinct). [2] [3] Among these are the stink bugs and shield bugs, jewel bugs, giant shield bugs, and burrower bugs. [4]

Contents

Description

Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug. A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen. 1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites (connexivum); 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: hemelytral membrane. Heteroptera morphology-d.svg
Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug. A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen. 1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites (connexivum); 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: hemelytral membrane.

The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well-developed scutellum (the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape. [3] The antennae typically have five segments. The tarsi usually have two or three segments. [5]

Shield bugs have glands that produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used defensively to deter potential predators. Nymphs have glands on the dorsal surface of the abdomen (dorsal abdominal scent glands). These are often present in adults as well, but adults also develop a pair of glands on the metathorax (third segment of the thorax), these being the metathoracic scent glands. [6] [7]

The nymphs and adults have distinctive piercing mouthparts, with mandibles and maxillae modified to form a piercing "stylet" sheathed within a modified labium. The stylet is used to suck sap from plants, or in some cases to suck blood from other animals, such as in the predatory subfamily Asopinae. [8]

Pentatomoidea are mostly phytophagous, [9] although some (the Asopinae or predatory stink bugs) are zoophagous. [10] They can become significant pests (e.g. the brown marmorated stink bug), causing economic damage to certain crops.

Families

These families are classified under Pentatomoidea: [11]

Extant

Extinct

Phylogeny

The morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008). [24] [25]

      ←      
             

Urostylididae

             
             

Saileriolidae

             
             

Acanthosomatidae

             
             
             

Tessaratomidae

             

Dinidoridae

   Cydnidae   sensu lato   
             

Cydnidae

             

Thaumastellidae

             

Parastrachiidae

             
             

Thyreocoridae

             

Lestoniidae

             

Phloeidae

             
             

Scutelleridae

             

Plataspidae

             

Pentatomidae

             

Canopidae

             

Megarididae

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentatomidae</span> Family of insects

Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species. As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scutelleridae</span> Family of insects

Scutelleridae is a family of true bugs. They are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration. With the name based on the Asian genus Scutellera, they are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the thoracic scutellum into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings. This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug. These insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops. Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentatomomorpha</span> Infraorder of true bugs

The Pentatomomorpha comprise an infraorder of insects in the true bug order Hemiptera. It unites such animals as the stink bugs (Pentatomidae), flat bugs (Aradidae), seed bugs, etc. They are closely related to the Cimicomorpha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanthosomatidae</span> Family of true bugs

Acanthosomatidae is a family of Hemiptera, commonly named "shield bugs" or "stink bugs". Kumar in his 1974 world revision recognized 47 genera; now this number is 55 genera, with about 200 species, and it is one of the least diverse families within Pentatomoidea. The Acanthosomatidae species are found throughout the world, being most abundant in high-latitude temperate regions and in subtropical regions at high altitudes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tessaratomidae</span> Family of true bugs

Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urostylididae</span> Family of true bugs

Urostylididae is a family of true bugs and is considered a basal or "primitive" family within the stink-bug lineage. They are found only in Asia. Older works used the spelling Urostylidae but this clashes with the name used for a protozoan family and a spelling correction (emendation) has been suggested that also avoids the confusion created by homonyms. The family name Urolabididae has also been used for some members in the past.

<i>Perillus</i> Genus of true bugs

Perillus is a genus of predatory stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae. There are about seven described species in Perillus.

Vulsirea nigrorubra is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in the Caribbean.

<i>Mormidea lugens</i> Species of true bug

Mormidea lugens is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae found in the Caribbean, Central America, and Eastern North America. In Illinois, adults have been observed emerging from overwintering sites in late April, and continue to be observed until early November, and appear to be bivoltine in this area. Eggs are approximately 0.7 millimetres (0.028 in) in diameter, pale yellow, and laid in small clusters of 6 to 11 eggs. Adults are bronze in color, with a white-yellow border around the scutellum, and are 5.0–7.2 millimetres (0.20–0.28 in) in length. In laboratory conditions, at approximately 24 °C (75 °F), development from eggs to adults has been documented to take between 39 and 50 days, and appears to be affected by the species of host plant. Mormidea lugens has been documented to feed on timothy, sedges, as well as deer-tongue grass, and Bosc's panic-grass. It has been collected from pale sedge and wide-leaved spiderwort but has not observed feeding on these species, and deer-tongue grass appears to be an insufficient food source for development.

Sciocoris longifrons is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in North America.

Weda is a genus of turtle bugs in the family Pentatomidae. There are at least three described species in Weda.

<i>Mormidea</i> Genus of true bugs

Mormidea is a genus of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae. There are about five described species in Mormidea.

Vulsirea is a genus of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae. There are at least two described species in Vulsirea.

Banasa lenticularis is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America.

<i>Chlorocoris hebetatus</i> Species of true bug

Chlorocoris hebetatus is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

<i>Chlorocoris</i> Genus of true bugs

Chlorocoris is a genus of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae. There are about six described species in Chlorocoris.

<i>Oebalus ypsilongriseus</i> Species of true bug

Oebalus ypsilongriseus is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is native to South America, where it is known to feed on rice crops, as well as cotton, barley, oat, and wheat.

<i>Oebalus</i> (bug) Genus of true bugs

Oebalus is a genus of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae. There are about six described species in Oebalus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mecideini</span> Tribe of true bugs

Mecideini is a tribe of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae. There is at least one genus, Mecidea, in Mecideini.

<i>Stiretrus anchorago</i> Species of true bug

Stiretrus anchorago, commonly known as the anchor stink bug, is a species of predatory stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in Central America and North America. It is known to prey upon Epilachna varivestis and Hypera postica.

References

  1. ↑ "Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas". CSIRO . Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 Cedric Gillott (1995). Entomology. Springer. p. 604. ISBN   978-0-306-44967-3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 G. Cassis; Gordon F. Gross (2002). Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). Csiro Publishing. p. 353. ISBN   978-0-643-06875-9.
  4. ↑ Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 608. ISBN   978-1-4020-6242-1.
  5. ↑ T. N. Ananthakrishnan (2004). General and applied entomology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 370. ISBN   978-0-07-043435-6.
  6. ↑ KMENT, PETR; VILÍMOVÁ, JITKA (2010). "Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a review of terminology". Zootaxa. 2706 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334.
  7. ↑ Bianchi, Filipe Michels; Bottega, Cristiane; Campos, Luiz Alexandre (2016). "Comparative morphology of the external scent efferent system of dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)". Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 263: 66–74. Bibcode:2016ZooAn.263...66B. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.006.
  8. ↑ Li, Xinyu; Tian, Li; Li, Hu; Cai, Wanzhi (November 2021). "Ultrastructural Variations of Antennae and Labia Are Associated with Feeding Habit Shifts in Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)". Biology. 10 (11): 1161. doi: 10.3390/biology10111161 . ISSN   2079-7737. PMID   34827154.
  9. ↑ "Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  10. ↑ Clercq, Patrick De (2005), "Stink Bugs, Predatory (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae)", Encyclopedia of Entomology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 2122–2125, doi:10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094, ISBN   978-0-306-48380-6 , retrieved 2023-10-30
  11. ↑ David A. Rider (October 20, 2009). "Classification". Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  12. ↑ Faúndez E. I. (2009). "Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)". Zootaxa. 2137: 57–65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2137.1.7.
  13. 1 2 P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN   0-8014-2066-0
  14. ↑ P136 Christopher G. Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, ISBN   0-12-200400-0
  15. ↑ "Map of Megarididae". Discover Life.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Foottit, Robert G.; Adler, Peter H. (2009-04-20). Insect Biodiversity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN   978-1-4051-5142-9.
  17. ↑ Gengping Zhu; Guoqing Liu; Wenjun Bu & Jerzy A. Lis (2013). "Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs, Parastrachia japonensis and Parastrachia nagaensis". Journal of Insect Science. 13 (102): 1–16. doi:10.1673/031.013.10201. PMC   4012745 . PMID   24738857.
  18. ↑ Jerzy A. Lis (2010). "Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)". Zootaxa. 2693: 60–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2693.1.5.
  19. ↑ >Costa, James T. (2006-09-30). The Other Insect Societies. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 311. ISBN   0-674-02163-0. OCLC   67345686.
  20. ↑ P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia
  21. ↑ Rider, David A.; Schwertner, Cristiano F.; Vilímová, Jitka; Rédei, Dávid; Kment, Petr; Thomas, Donald B. (2018-01-17). "Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea". Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea). Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press. pp. 25–202. doi:10.1201/9781315371221-2. ISBN   978-1-315-37122-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  22. ↑ Mike Boone (September 11, 2004). "Family Thyreocoridae – Ebony Bugs". BugGuide, Iowa State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  23. ↑ Yao, Yunzhi; Cai, Wanzhi; Rider, David A.; Ren, Dong (2013). "Primipentatomidae fam. Nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), an extinct insect family from the Cretaceous of north-eastern China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (1): 63–82. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11...63Y. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.639814. S2CID   86753502.
  24. ↑ Dimitri Forero (March 13, 2009). "Pentatomoidea". Tree of Life Web Project . Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  25. ↑ Jocelia Grazia; Randall T. Schuhb & Ward C. Wheeler (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)" (PDF). Cladistics. 24 (6). Wiley-Blackwell: 932–976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x. PMID   34892882. S2CID   41951432 . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
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