Fulgoridae

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Fulgoridae
Pyrops candelaria.jpg
Pyrops candelaria
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Superfamily: Fulgoroidea
Family: Fulgoridae
Latreille, 1807
Subfamilies
See text

The family Fulgoridae is a large group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to Lepidoptera due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera Fulgora and Pyrops ) are sometimes referred to as lanternflies or lanthorn flies, though they do not emit light.

Contents

The head of some species is produced into a hollow process, resembling a snout, which is sometimes inflated and nearly as large as the body of the insect, sometimes elongated, narrow and apically upturned. It was believed, mainly on the authority of Maria Sibylla Merian, that this process, the so-called lantern, was luminous at night in the living insect. Carl Linnaeus adopted the statement without question and coined a number of specific names, such as laternaria, phosphorea and candelaria to illustrate the supposed fact, and thus propagated the myth.

Taxonomy

Metcalf in 1938, [1] as amended in 1947, [2] recognized five subfamilies (Amyclinae, Aphaeninae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, and Poiocerinae) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies (Amyclinae, Aphaeninae, Enchophorinae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, Poiocerinae, Xosopharinae and Zanninae) and eleven tribes. [3] This classification was generally accepted. [4]

However, 21st century molecular analysis has called into question the organization of Fulgoridae, and suggests that the Zanninae subfamily may not belong in Fulgoridae. [5] [6]

Subfamilies and selected genera

Alcathous fecialis (India) Alcathous3.jpg
Alcathous fecialis (India)
Kalidasa sp. Lantern bug.jpg
Kalidasa sp.
Dichoptera hyalinata (India) Dichoptera2.jpg
Dichoptera hyalinata (India)
Fulgora sp. Flickr - ggallice - Fulgorid.jpg
Fulgora sp.
Polydictya uniformis Polydictya uniformis TPopp.jpg
Polydictya uniformis
Auchalea pandora (Peru) Planthopper (Auchalea pandora) (8350745330).jpg
Auchalea pandora (Peru)

The NCBI [7] and the Hemiptera Database currently include to the following sub-families and genera (lists complete if subfamily not linked):

Notes:

Related Research Articles

<i>Pyrops candelaria</i> Species of true bug

Pyrops candelaria is a species of planthopper often placed in the tribe Laternariini. This species has been recorded from: Guangdong, Guangxi, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Laos, Thailand and other parts of southeast Asia. It is the type of the genus Pyrops erected by Spinola in 1839.

<i>Pyrops</i> Genus of planthoppers

Pyrops is a genus of planthoppers that occur primarily in southeast Asia, containing about 70 species. They are fairly large insects, with much of the length due to an elongated, upcurving, snout-like projection of the head. The wings are generally brightly patterned in contrasting colors, and they are popular among collectors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ricaniidae</span> Family of true bugs

Ricaniidae is a family of planthopper insects, containing over 400 species worldwide. The highest diversity is in tropical Africa and Asia and in Australia, with a few species occurring in the Palearctic and Neotropical realms. It is one of the smaller families in the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aphaeninae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

The subfamily Aphaeninae is a group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics. They belong to the Fulgoridae (fulgorids), though they are not among the better-known members of that family that are called "lantern bugs" or "lanternflies". In 2009, the first molecular analysis of the Fulgoridae challenged the existing structure of eight currently recognized subfamilies and eleven tribes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cercopidae</span> Family of true bugs

Cercopidae are the largest family of Cercopoidea, a xylem-feeding insect group, commonly called froghoppers or spittlebugs. They belong to the hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha. A 2023 phylogenetic study of the family suggested the elevation of subfamily Ischnorhininae to full family status as Ischnorhinidae, leaving a monophyletic Cercopinae.

<i>Acanalonia</i> Genus of true bugs

Acanalonia is a genus of planthopper in the fulgorid family Acanaloniidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flatidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Flatidae are a family of fulgoroid planthoppers. They are cosmopolitan in distribution and are distinguished from others in the superfamily by a combination of characters. Like all other planthoppers, they suck phloem sap of plants. Some species are known to communicate with vibrations through the plant stems. Communication may be with mates, or with ants that tend the nymphs, protecting them and gathering honeydew secretions. Adults of some species have brightly coloured forewings which are tougher and known as tegmina unlike the membranous hindwings which are used for flight. Although a few can be identified by their coloration, most species requires dissection and examination under a microscope with access to literature on already described species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Issidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea.

<i>Zanna</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthoppers

Zanna is a genus of tropical planthoppers found in Asia and Africa, now belonging to the monotypic subfamily Zanninae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lophopidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Lophopidae is a family of fulgoroid plant-hoppers with most species found in tropical South America and Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fulgorinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

The Fulgorinae are a sub-family of insects in the Auchenorrhyncha: which include the spectacular "lantern-bugs" and allied insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Achilidae</span> Family of true bugs

Achilidae is a family of planthoppers, sometimes called "achilids" in the order Hemiptera. There are at least 520 described species in Achilidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derbinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Derbinae is a subfamily of derbid planthoppers in the family Derbidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dictyopharinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Dictyopharinae is a subfamily of dictyopharid planthoppers in the family Dictyopharidae. There more than 100 genera and 500 described species in Dictyopharinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poiocerinae</span> Subfamily of planthoppers

The subfamily Poiocerinae include Hemipteran insects in the family Fulgoridae, found especially in the tropics.

Penthicodes pulchellus is a species of planthoppers in the subfamily Aphaeninae (Fulgoridae): found in southern India, Indo-China and Malesia. It belongs to the subgenus EreosomaKirkaldy, 1906. The genus name was formerly treated as feminine, but in 2022 it was revised to masculine in accordance with ICZN Article 30.1.4.4, changing the spelling of this species' name from pulchella to pulchellus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanaloniidae</span> Family of true bugs

Acanaloniidae is a family of planthoppers. It is sometimes treated as a subfamily of Issidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flatinae</span> Subfamily of planthoppers

The Flatinae are a subfamily of planthoppers, erected by Maximilian Spinola in 1839. Genera have been recorded from all continents except Antarctica: especially in tropical and subtropical regions.

<i>Lycorma imperialis</i> Species of insect

Lycorma imperialis is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China and Indo-Malaysia. L. imperialis was originally discovered in 1846 by Adam White and has one recognized non-nominate subspecies, L. i. punicea. L. imperialis has undergone a number of reclassifications since its discovery and is one of four species in the genus Lycorma. L. imperialis follows a hemimetabolous life cycle and will undergo a series of nymphal stages (instars) before maturing to an adult.

<i>Aphaena submaculata</i> Species of insect

Aphaena submaculata is a species of planthoppers in the sub-family Aphaeninae of Fulgoridae. Various subspecies are distributed throughout the Indo-China region.

References

  1. Metcalf, Zeno Payne (1938). "The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and other parts of Panama". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 82 (5): 277–423.
  2. Metcalf, Zeno Payne (1947). "Fulgoridae". General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea, Part 9. Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College.
  3. Lallemand, Victor (1963). "Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxième Partie. Faunes Asiatique et Australienne". Mémoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. 2nd series. 75: 1–99. and the material there cited.
  4. Liang, Ai-Ping (1995). "Taxonomic changes in oriental Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 103 (2): 162–164. JSTOR   25010151.
  5. Urban, Julie M. (2008). A Phylogenetic Investigation of the Planthopper Superfamily Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) with Emphasis on the Family Fulgoridae (Ph.D. thesis). Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. Urban, Julie M.; Cryan, Jason R. (2009). "Entomologically famous, evolutionarily unexplored: the first phylogeny of the lanternfly family Fulgoridae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 50 (3): 471–484. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.004. PMID   19118634.
  7. NCBI Taxonomy browser: Fulgoridae (retrieved 14 November 2017)
  8. FLOW: Aphaena
  9. Hemiptera Databases FLOW: Omalocephala (retrieved 14/11/2017)
  10. Hemiptera Databases FLOW: Aphrodisias (retrieved 20/11/2017)
  11. Constant J (2010) A new species of Polydictya from Lombok (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie56 (2): 155–162.
  12. Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (retrieved 26 June 2018)

Sources