Spotted lanternfly

Last updated

Spotted lanternfly
Spotted lanternfly in BBG (42972).jpg
At Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Fulgoridae
Genus: Lycorma
Species:
L. delicatula
Binomial name
Lycorma delicatula
(White, 1845)
Subspecies [1]
  • L. d. delicatula Stal, 1863
  • L. d. jole Stal, 1863
  • L. d. operosa Walker 1858
Synonyms
  • Aphaena delicatulaWhite, 1845

The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China and Vietnam. It has spread invasively to Japan, South Korea, and the United States, where it is often referred to by the acronym "SLF". [2] Its preferred host is the 'tree of heaven' ( Ailanthus altissima ), but it also feeds on other trees, and on crops including soybean, grapes, stone fruits, and Malus spp. [3] In its native habitat, L. delicatula populations are regulated by parasitic wasps.

Contents

The spotted lanternfly's life cycle is often centered on its preferred host, Ailanthus altissima, but L. delicatula can associate with more than 173 plants. Early life stages (instars) of the spotted lanternfly are characterized by spotted black and white nymphs that develop a red pigmentation and wings as they mature. Early life instars have a large host range that narrows with maturation. Adult spotted lanternflies have a black head, grey wings, and red hind wings. Adults do not have any specialized feeding associations with herbaceous plants but cause extensive damage to crops and ornamental plants. The piercing wounds caused by their mouthparts and the honeydew waste they excrete are harmful to the health of host plants. They feed on the sap of host plants, including the tree of heaven, an invasive tree. [4] The damage to native hardwood forests which was feared at the outset did not come to pass. [5] Unlike some insects, the spotted lanternfly does not pose direct danger to humans through biting or stinging. [4] Spotted lanternflies lay egg masses containing 30–50 eggs, often covered with a grayish mud-like coating. [6]

The species was introduced into South Korea in 2006 and Japan in 2009, and has since been considered a pest. In September 2014, L. delicatula was first recorded in the United States, and as of 2022, it is considered an invasive species in much of the Northeastern United States and is rapidly spreading south and west. [7] L. delicatula's egg masses are the primary vector of spread, with Ailanthus altissima populations seen as a risk factor for further infestation globally. Ongoing pest control efforts have sought to limit population growth, due to the threat L. delicatula poses to global agricultural industries. Parts of the United States are undergoing massive pest control efforts to cull the spotted lanternfly's population. However, this process indirectly harms other species. [8]

Taxonomy and discovery

Spotted lanternfly showing underwing Spotted lanternfly displaying underwing.jpg
Spotted lanternfly showing underwing

Lycorma delicatula is a species in the genus Lycorma , in the planthopper family Fulgoridae, subfamily Aphaeninae. Species within this genus are found in Asia. [9] L. delicatula was originally described by Adam White in 1845 as Aphaena delicatula, and the first scientific collections were made outside of Nanking, China. [10] White described the species as similar to Aphaena variegata, another planthopper species native to Asia, and referenced prior descriptions by George Tradescant Lay in his initial classification of the spotted lanternfly. [10]

In 1863, the species was reclassified by Carl Stål as Lycorma delicatula delicatula, with two additional subspecies described: Lycorma delicatula jole and Lycorma delicatula operosa. [11] [12] Taxonomic classification places two other species ( L. imperialis and L. meliae ) as closely related to the spotted lanternfly. [13] [ full citation needed ] [14] The name Lycorma delicatula derives from lyc/lyco, meaning "lamp" and delicatula, meaning "luxurious". [15] L. delicatula is also referred to as the spot clothing wax cicada ("chu-ki" or "banyi-la-chan" in Chinese) and the Chinese blistering cicada ("ggot-mae-mi" 꽃매미 in Korean). [16] [17]

In 2019, the genome of L. delicatula was fully sequenced, [18] with Aphaena amabilis , and Pyrops candelaria both being classified as close relatives. [19]

Description

Spotted lanternfly in New York, where it is an invasive species Spotted lanternfly in BBG (42982).jpg
Spotted lanternfly in New York, where it is an invasive species

Adult L. delicatula measure about 25 millimetres (1 in) long and 12 millimetres (1⁄2 in) wide. Adult lanternflies have a black head and gray-brown forewings adorned with black spots. [20] White's original account identified L. delicatula as having a minimum of 20 black spots, with six spots located on the anterior margin of the forewings. [10]

When resting, the crimson hind wings are partially visible through the semi-translucent forewings, giving the lanternfly a red cast. Neatly spaced black rectangular markings color the tips of the forewings in a pattern sometimes likened to brick and mortar. In flight, the spotted lanternfly displays red hind wings with black spots on the proximal third, a white wedge in the middle of the wing, and a solid black wing tip. The abdomen is yellowish with black and white bands on the top and bottom. [20] L. delicatula displays orange, bulbous antennae covered in needle-like tips. [21] The spotted lanternfly is sexually dimorphic. Females have a set of red valvifers at the distal end of the abdomen, which males lack. When gravid (mated), the females' abdomens swell to the point where they have difficulty moving. [22] Adult females, when measured from head to wing tip, have a body length of 20 to 27 millimetres (13⁄16 to 1+1⁄16 in) while males are a smaller size, between 21 and 22 millimetres (53⁄64 and 55⁄64 in). Females also have longer legs as compared to those of their male counterparts. [23]

The lanternfly is a planthopper, and uses its wings to assist these jumps rather than making sustained flights. [24] The spotted lanternfly will perform a number of "successive collisions" upon jumping, employing both passive and active righting as it falls. This bouncing provides nymphs, and to a lesser extent adults, multiple opportunities to repeatedly attempt righting themselves following a jump. Additionally, the spotted lanternfly will also perform aerial reorientation and terrestrial righting as means to right itself, collectively giving the spotted lanternfly the ability to land on a variety of surfaces and spread rapidly through an environment. [25]

Host associations

Spotted lanternfly nymphs on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States, in early July 2018 Young Spotted Lanternflies on Fox Grapes in Berks County, Pennsylvania.jpg
Spotted lanternfly nymphs on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States, in early July 2018

Ailanthus altissima is a tree native to China but is invasive to many other areas worldwide. It is considered to be the key host for L. delicatula and plays an important role in the lanternfly life cycle. [26] [27] This tree is the preferred host at all documented locations where the lanternfly and A. altissima co-occur. [28] The spotted lanternfly has a host range of over 173 plant species worldwide, including grape vines, fruit trees, ornamental trees, and woody trees, including apple trees and several Rosaceae with stone fruits. [29] Depending on the life stage of L. delicatula is in, it may prefer other hosts, such as Juglans nigra, instead of A. altissima. [30]

The spotted lanternfly has feeding behavior associated with 103 plant taxa, accounting for 33 families and 17  orders, with 56 of these plants occurring in the United States. [3] This host range includes many agricultural crops – most significantly soybean (Glycine max) [3] – and common forest plants, as the nymphs are known to associate with other plants beyond A. altissima. [28] The lanternfly has also been recorded causing serious damage on at least 12 ornamental plants such as Parthenocissus quinquefolia , Phellodendron amurense , and Toona sinensis . In the United States, high populations are seen infesting common forest trees, such as maple, birch, and walnut; in Pennsylvania alone, L. delicatula has been found on more than 20 newly recorded host species of woody plants. [28]

L. delicatula feeds on woody and nonwoody plants, piercing the phloem tissue of foliage and stems with specialized mouthparts, and sucking the sap; [29] it does not eat the fruit or the leaves per se. [24] The sugary waste fluid they produce can coat leaves and stems, which encourages mold growth and can impede photosynthesis. [31] Lycorma delicatula feed on sap from the trunk or branches of their host plants; because they can appear in such large numbers on a single plant, they can directly cause substantial damage to, and effectively kill parts or the whole of the host. [32]

L. delicatula also indirectly affects the health and productivity of their hosts and nearby plants through the production of large amounts of honeydew, the lanternfly's sugary secretions of excess waste and sap, as well as by leaving feeding scars in the host plant's branches that continue to drip sap. [33] The accumulation of this thick honeydew and tree sap on leaves below the host plant canopy can lower plants' photosynthetic potential and affect their health; this reduction is even more pronounced by the possible growth of molds over the sugary compound, which further limits light available to affected plants. The accumulation of sap and honeydew also attracts many species of ants, bees, and wasps; infestations of L. delicatula may thus be hinted at by unusual amounts of molds or stinging insects around specific plants. [34] Bees often use spotted lanternfly honeydew to produce late-season honey. [35] [36]

Life cycle

Spotted lanternfly's life cycle (instars) with size comparison to a U.S. quarter (24 mm, 1.0 in) Spotted lanternfly Life Cycle.jpg
Spotted lanternfly's life cycle (instars) with size comparison to a U.S. quarter (24 mm, 1.0 in)

Nymphs typically hatch from their egg cases starting in late April or early May, marking the beginning of the lanternfly's developmental stages. A nymph passes through several immature stages, all of which are wingless. In the first instar, it is black with white spots. Later instars have red patches in addition to the white spots. The final nymphal instar has red wing pads and a red upper body, before molting to the adult form, with a black head and grayish wings with black spots. [29] Nymphs hop or crawl to search for plants on which to feed. [20] Young nymphs (first through third instars) appear to have a wider host range early on, which narrows as they grow older. [29] [37] Though lanternflies have been recorded feeding on several herbaceous plants, this is most likely due to early-instar nymphs climbing or falling onto these plants; late-instar nymphs and adult lanternflies have no reliable association with herbaceous plants. [28]

As early as July, adults can be seen, and they mate and lay eggs from late September through the onset of winter. [29] During mating periods, spotted lanternflies will perform migratory flights. During these migrations, adult L. delicatula will perform a brief courtship and copulation which will last for up to 4 hours. [38] In their native Indomalayan habitat, they lay their eggs preferably on tree of heaven (A. altissima), which is a poisonous invasive species that was introduced to North America. This host choice is thought to have evolved as a mechanism of protection from natural enemies. [29]

The spotted lanternfly has been found to be capable of reproducing using hosts other than A. altissima, but they generally fail to reach high populations unless A. altissima is present. [39] Many hypotheses are given as to why L. delicatula may have preferences for feeding on certain plants. Two examples of possible factors being investigated are the contribution of the overall sugar composition in the plant [40] and the presence of toxic chemicals. [37] The lanternfly lays eggs upon any smooth-trunked tree, stone, or vertical smooth surface, including man-made items such as vehicles, yard furniture, farm equipment, or other items stored outside. [20]

The egg masses contain 30–50 eggs [41] covered in a yellowish-brown, waxy deposit, often referred to as an egg case. [29] L. delicatula eggs undergo diapause during embryonic development, requiring two weeks of warm temperatures following winter before hatching is induced. Eggs overwintered for five months or longer demonstrate higher hatch rates and more synchronous hatching, suggesting that cold temperatures increase overall egg survival rates. [38] The majority of adults die off by the end of December. [29] [22]

Closeup of "brick and mortar" wing structure Spotted lanternfly, wing detail 2017-06-08-18.04 (35006929440).jpg
Closeup of "brick and mortar" wing structure

Testing has been done to determine how overwintering affects the eggs of this species. The highest temperature that will still kill eggs was estimated by South Korean researchers to be between −12.7 and −3.4 °C (9.1 and 25.9 °F) on the basis of mean daily temperatures during their winter of 2009–2010. [42] This estimate contrasts with eggs having survived the much colder winter 2013–2014 temperatures in Pennsylvania, United States. [43] Another study done at Rutgers University suggested that −25 °C (−13 °F) is about the temperature at which no eggs are hatched, while −15 °C (5 °F) still had limited hatching, depending upon how long they were chilled and where they were kept. [44]

Distribution

Native range

The spotted lanternfly is native to subtropical regions of Southeast Asia. [37] [31] Fossil evidence indicates L. delicatula evolved between 55 and 51.6 myr, during the Ypresian Era. [45] [46] Phylogenomic analysis has shown that L. delicatula originally evolved in southwest China, eventually diverging into six phylogeographic lineages. One of these lineages then moved northward, following the Yangtze River during the late Pleistocene Era. [47]

In the 1930s, L. delicatula was known to inhabit the Northern Provinces of Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei. Since then, it has expanded its range to include Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang. In traditional Chinese medicine, the spotted lanternfly is believed to be poisonous, and has been used since the 1100s for topical relief from swelling. [29] [21] L. delicatula has also been reported in Taiwan, Vietnam, and India, but ongoing research has yet to conclude whether the species is native to these regions. [48]

Accidental introduction

Projected map by the US Department of Agriculture and Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography on potentially suitable habitats for the spotted lanternfly globally. Potential Global Distribution of Spotted Lanternfly.jpg
Projected map by the US Department of Agriculture and Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography on potentially suitable habitats for the spotted lanternfly globally.

Lycorma delicatula normally uses A. altissima for feeding and laying eggs, but if it is not present, the insect can lay its eggs on any stationary object, natural or man-made, and feeds on a wide variety of plants. Eggs can easily be moved from place to place without being noticed, giving them an easy way to spread to new areas. Its initial introduction to the United States is believed to have been through this pathway, hitchhiking on an object imported from Asia into Pennsylvania. Adults of L. delicatula jump around the area to find new host plants. As nymphs, they feed on whatever host plant the egg was laid on before moving to another in the area. L. delicatula is capable of surviving and completing its life cycle in environments without its preferred host, A. altissima, albeit with greatly reduced fitness. [39]

In South Korea

In 2006, the spotted lanternfly was introduced in Korea, and has been considered a pest since about 2007. It has since expanded its host range, attacking at least 65 plant species, uninhibited by natural predators. [24] The distribution of L. delicatula has since been predicted using a modeling approach, which showed that this pest has the potential to occur in the majority of South Korea. [49]

A correlation seems to exist between the widespread distribution of A. altissima and overall damage to grapevines. [28] The tree is commonly found growing on the peripheries of Korean vineyards and L. delicatula has been documented as a pest to grapevines, leading to a decline in the total number and overall quality of the harvested grapes. No quantitative data has been published supporting this correlation, but it has been widely hypothesized. [50] [28]

In Japan

In 2009, Japan reported its first confirmed presence of the spotted lanternfly, in Komatsu city (Ishikawa Prefecture). In 2013, it was confirmed to have spread into the Fukui Prefecture. [14] Researchers have estimated that the spotted lanternfly may have been entering the country sporadically since the 1930s, but only established a reproducing population around the beginning of the twenty-first century. Specimens found in Japan are genetically identical to populations in Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Shanghai, China. [48]

In the United States

Adult spotted lanternflies on an Acer rubrum in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in mid-October 2019 Spotted Lanternflies Red Maple 2019-10-17.jpg
Adult spotted lanternflies on an Acer rubrum in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in mid-October 2019

On 29 September 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) and the Pennsylvania Game Commission first confirmed the presence of the spotted lanternfly in Berks County, northwest of Philadelphia. [32] [51] Based on its host affinities, it presents a threat to the state's grape, fruit tree, and logging industries. The greatest risk of spread was seen in transportation of materials containing egg masses laid on smooth bark, stone, and other vertical surfaces. [20]

The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture banned the transport of items that could harbor the egg masses, including firewood, lawn mowers, outdoor chairs, trucks, and recreational vehicles from seven municipalities on 1 November 2014. [20] Considering the old egg masses that were found, it was estimated that the spotted lanternfly may have been in the United States since at least 2012, and had survived the unusually cold 2013–2014 winter. [43] By March 2021, lanternflies had been found in 34 of the 67 counties in Pennsylvania. [52] [53]

In 2019, Pennsylvania State University estimated statewide costs of the spotted lanternfly to be $99 million in agricultural losses, and $236 million to the forestry industry, annually. Models of the spotted lanternfly's spread projected an annual loss of $554 million, with an additional loss of 4,987 jobs, should it continue to spread to the entirety of Pennsylvania. [54] A national working group led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, consisting of Penn State Researchers and USDA scientists, was organized "to determine what is known about the lanternfly and what research is needed, including DNA analysis to pinpoint where the infestation originated." [24]

Other states began seeing spotted lanternflies as soon as 2018, and by 2021, they were also confirmed to be established in at least parts of Connecticut, [55] Maryland, [55] Massachusetts, [56] Delaware, [57] New Jersey, [58] New York, [59] Ohio, [60] Indiana, [61] Virginia, [62] and West Virginia, [55] with several of these states issuing quarantine orders. [55] In 2022, the species was confirmed to be present in North Carolina, [63] Michigan [64] [65] and Rhode Island,. [66] In late September 2023, the state government of Tennessee confirmed the detection of a spotted lanternfly (SLF) in its Davidson County, making Tennessee the 16th state to detect the spotted lanternfly. [67]

In October 2024, their presence was reported in Northern Kentucky, especially in Covington. [68]

A large potential range exists for the spotted lanternfly to become established in almost all of the eastern part of the country, as well as critical wine- and hop-growing valleys of the Pacific coastal states. [69]

Dead spotted lanternfly specimens have been reported in Kansas, [70] [71] Oregon [72] and California, [73] although no live sightings have been reported from these states as of September 2023. The discoveries of dead specimens have increased concerns for possible accidental introduction of the insect to yet more states where they can potentially become established. [74]

In Canada

Canadian Food Inspection Agency has identified a risk of the SLF entering the country and has previously intercepted adult lanternflies traveling to Ontario in shipping crates. The primary concern is the potential damage the lanternflies could cause to the wine, fruit, and vegetable industries. [75] [69] The Canadian government and agricultural industries are concerned about maintaining quarantine and have expressed hope that quarantine efforts in the United States are successful. [75] Although most of Canada is an unsuitable habitat for L. delicatula, southwestern Ontario and southerly parts of other provinces are modeled to have low suitability for inhabitation. [69] L. delicatula has been theorized to be capable of maintaining a small population in the region although no specimens have yet been discovered. [69]

Later, in September 2024, lanternfly were found in Ontario. [76]

In Europe

The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization classifies L. delicatula as an A1 pest and anticipates it becoming invasive in Europe. [77] CLIMEX modeling of potential habitats for L. delicatula has found that the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy may be capable of supporting small L. delicatula populations. [78] Risk analysis of the spotted lanternfly to become established in Europe has been classified as a moderate to high risk, predominately due to the pervasiveness of A. altissima. [28] L. delicatula was observed via INaturalist in Madrid, Spain on July 17, 2024. [79]

In Australia

Modeling for the life cycle of the spotted lanternfly in Australia has found that development and survival may vary throughout the country, should the spotted lanternfly be introduced. Australia's southwest coastal regions are estimated to have a high viability for the spotted lanternfly but Australian Great Dividing Range and Tasmania were found to have the lowest suitability. Both the pervasiveness of A. altissima and the lack of consistent freezing seasons are considered risk factors in L. delicatula establishing populations in the country. [80]

Possible pest control

Pest control measures and guidelines have been issued by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and its Penn State Extension. These guidelines include killing L. delicatula eggs between the months of October and May by scraping them off surfaces, "double bag them and throw them in the garbage." [20] People can scrape the eggs directly into plastic bags containing alcohol and/or hand sanitizer to kill them. The PDA has recommended removal of preferred spotted lanternfly hosts, such as tree of heaven ( Ailanthus altissima ), saving only male trees to use as "trap" trees, since the spotted lanternfly is attracted to its preferred hosts. [81] The remaining male "trap trees" should be wrapped with sticky bands starting in early spring to catch any nymphs. Wildlife experts have warned to cover the sticky bands on trees with chicken wire or another similar wire after many reports of other animals (e.g. birds) becoming trapped on them, resulting in injury and/or death. [82]

As of 2020, the PDA recommended several different pesticides to treat infestations, including insecticidal soaps, neem oil, pyrethrins, and essential oils, as well as bifenthrin, carbaryl, dinotefuran as bark spray, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebuconazole, and zeta-cypermethrin. [81] Infested trees can be treated with systemic pesticides from June to August. The PDA recommends tree injection and bark sprays, applied by professional applicators, and soil drench and foliar sprays, which can be applied by homeowners. [81]

In Pennsylvania and Korea, use of brown sticky traps has been effective at capturing nymphs, though adults may be strong enough to escape the adhesive. [28] [83] The spotted lanternfly is known to avoid changes in tree texture and obstacles along the tree trunk, and inward facing traps have shown the greatest efficacy with minimized ecological impact. [84] L. delicatula has been found to be attracted to certain kairomones released by their host plants, and adults and second- to fourth-instar nymphs are also attracted to spearmint oil. Such chemicals (like methyl salicylate) may be used to lure them into sticky traps to augment this pest control method. [85]

Researchers using infrared thermography have found that the spotted lanternfly emits long-wavelength infrared (8–14 μm) light during active feeding and rapid hemolymph circulation, indicating a means of early detection. [86] Trained dogs are capable of detecting winterized egg masses. [87]

As of 2013, researchers are investigating another method of controlling lanternfly populations through reduction of Ailanthus altissima populations; the use of a fungal pathogen, Verticillium nonalfalfae , has been found to effectively kill the invasive trees by causing vascular wilt. [88] It is thought that lanternflies, which feed on this host plant by piercing and sucking the sap from its vasculature, may be able to "aid" in the ongoing removal of A. altissima by functioning as a vector for the V. nonalfalfae pathogen between different individuals of the insects' preferred host. Researchers have not yet found this to be an effective method, and more research is needed to confirm if this is possible in field settings with V. nonalfalfae or other pathogens. [89]

Four species of fungal entomopathogens native to the United States have been identified to cause co-epizootics in the spotted lanternfly. [90] Beauveria bassiana, Batkoa major , Metarhizium pemphigi and Ophiocordyceps delicatula (in the family Entomophthoraceae) have been found to parasitize and kill the spotted lanternfly, with Beauveria bassiana having also shown an ability to kill spotted lanternflies in biopesticide trials. [90] [91] [92]

A few natural predators have been identified in the lanternfly's native habitat in China, but are not yet used in biocontrol. Dryinus sinicus , a dryinidae wasp, and Ooencyrtus kuvanae , a chalcid wasp, have been found to parasitize spotted lanternfly eggs and nymphs. [93] [94] Ooencyrtus kuvanae was previously introduced into the United States in 1908 for population control of Lymantria dispar dispar and was first documented to parasitize spotted lanternfly egg masses in 2017. [93] Another biocontrol predator being tested is the eupelmid wasp Anastatus orientalis , due to its high rates of parasitism of eggs. This wasp is under investigation in South Korea [95] and in the United States, where it is being evaluated under quarantine until researchers are certain it will not become an invasive species and attack other insects. [96]

Photos

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemiptera</span> Order of insects often called true bugs

Hemiptera is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from 1 mm (0.04 in) to around 15 cm (6 in), and share a common arrangement of piercing-sucking mouthparts. The name "true bugs" is often limited to the suborder Heteroptera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fulgoridae</span> Family of true bugs

The family Fulgoridae is a large group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to Lepidoptera due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species are sometimes referred to as lanternflies or lanthorn flies, but neither do their heads emit light, nor are they even distantly related to flies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planthopper</span> Superfamily of insects

A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. The infraorder contains two superfamilies, Fulgoroidea and Delphacoidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green stink bug</span> Species of true bug

The green stink bug or green soldier bug is a stink bug of the family Pentatomidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown marmorated stink bug</span> Species of Pentatomid insect

The brown marmorated stink bug is an insect in the family Pentatomidae, native to China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian regions. In September 1998, it was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where it is believed to have been accidentally introduced. The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants, including many agricultural crops, and by 2010–11 had become a season-long pest in orchards in the Eastern United States. In 2010, in the Mid-Atlantic United States, $37 million in apple crops were lost, and some stone fruit growers lost more than 90% of their crops. Since the 2010s, the bug has spread to countries such as Georgia and Turkey and caused extensive damage to hazelnut production. It is now established in many parts of North America, and has recently become established in Europe and South America.

<i>Adelphocoris lineolatus</i> Species of true bug

Adelphocoris lineolatus, is commonly known as the Lucerne bug or the alfalfa plant bug, and belongs to the family Miridae. It is an agricultural pest causing vast amounts of damage to numerous crops, but primarily to alfalfa crops around the globe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aphaeninae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

The subfamily Aphaeninae is a group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, in the family Fulgoridae, or "lanternflies".

<i>Aleurocanthus woglumi</i> Citrus pest from India, now worldwide

Aleurocanthus woglumi is a species of whitefly in the family Aleyrodidae. It is a pest of citrus crops, and is commonly known as the citrus blackfly because of its slate-blue colour. It originated in Asia, but has spread to other parts of the world. The parasitic wasps, Encarsia perplexa and Amitus hesperidum can help control the pest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eriococcidae</span> Family of true bugs

Eriococcidae is a family of scale insects in the order Hemiptera. They are commonly known as felt scales or eriococcids. As of 2023, there are 109 genera and 681 species. Each species is usually specific to a different plant host, or closely related group of hosts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thaumastocoris peregrinus</span> Species of true bug

Thaumastocoris peregrinus, the bronze bug, is a true bug first described from Argentina, but is probably native to Australia. The species has been recorded in Africa, Europe, Middle East (Israel), North America, South America, Caribbean, and New Zealand as a pest of eucalyptus.

<i>Lycorma</i> Genus of planthoppers

Lycorma is a genus of planthoppers native to Asia. The first species within the genus was described by Frederick William Hope in 1843 and the genus was formally established by Carl Stål in 1863.

Deraeocoris brevis is a species of predatory plant bug in the family Miridae. It is native to North America where it feeds on plant pests in apple and pear orchards.

<i>Aleurocanthus spiniferus</i> Species of true bug

Aleurocanthus spiniferus, the citrus spiny whitefly, is an insect native to Asia. It is considered an invasive pest, notably affecting citrus and tea plants. They are part of the whitefly family.

Anastatus orientalis is a species of parasitic wasp which preys on Lycorma lanternfly eggs. Females live significantly longer than males, over ten weeks compared to the male lifespan of three weeks.

<i>Planococcus ficus</i> Species of mealybug

Planococcus ficus, commonly known as the vine mealybug, is a species of mealybug, belonging to the family Pseudococcidae, native to tropical and subtropical regions. The vine mealybug is found in Europe, Northern Africa, Southern Africa, the Americas, and the Middle East. The vine mealybug is invasive to weedy plants in many different regions of the world.

Batkoa major is a naturally occurring fungus that infects insects.

<i>Lycorma imperialis</i> Species of insect

Lycorma imperialis is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China and Indo-Malaysia. L. imperialis was originally discovered in 1846 by Adam White and has one recognized non-nominate subspecies, L. i. punicea. L. imperialis has undergone a number of reclassifications since its discovery and is one of four species in the genus Lycorma. L. imperialis follows a hemimetabolous life cycle and will undergo a series of nymphal stages (instars) before maturing to an adult.

<i>Ooencyrtus kuvanae</i> Species of chalcid wasp

Ooencyrtus kuvanae is a species of chalcid wasp. It was introduced to North America in 1908 to control Lymantria moths. In North America, it has become an active parasitoid of the invasive spotted lanternfly.

<i>Lycorma meliae</i> Species of insect

Lycorma meliae is a planthopper species endemic to Taiwan, with multiple, dramatically different color morphs depending on the life stage. The species was described by Masayo Kato in Taiwan in 1929, and is the only member of its genus confirmed to be native to the island. In 1929, a specimen of L. meliae was originally described as a separate species, L. olivacea, also by Kato. These two taxon names were declared synonymous in 2023. L. meliae undergoes four instar stages before achieving adulthood and generally only survive until the winter.

<i>Fiorinia phantasma</i> Species of scale insect

Fiorinia phantasma, the phantasma scale, is an invasive and polyphagous scale insect, apparently native to parts of south-eastern Asia and some Pacific islands. It has invaded other parts of the Pacific, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Europe and the Americas, spreading with the trade of ornamental plants. It has caused serious outbreaks on palm trees, but also infests various other woody plants, including a number of ornamentals and fruit trees like mango or lychee.

References

  1. ↑ Bourgoin, Thierry (ed.). "Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845)". Fulgoromorpha lists on the web (FLOW). hemiptera-databases.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  2. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly (SLF)". California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) (cdfa.ca.gov). Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 Barringer, Lawrence; Ciafré, Claire M. (2020). "Worldwide feeding host plants of spotted lanternfly, with significant additions from North America". Environmental Entomology . 49 (5): 999–1011. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa093. PMID   32797186.
  4. 1 2 Duke, Amy (4 January 2022). "Spotted lanternfly lore: Penn State experts clear up falsehoods about pest". psu.edu. Penn State University . Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  5. ↑ LaJeunesse, Sara (5 September 2023). "Invasive spotted lanternfly may not damage hardwood trees as previously thought". Penn State University. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  6. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly" (PDF). Pest alert. USDA-APHIS (Press release). U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  7. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly map". Stop SLF. USDA. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  8. ↑ Djajapranata, Cliff (20 November 2023). "Unearthing a Better Way to Use Pesticides". Georgetown University. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  9. ↑ Barringer, Lawrence (17 December 2021). Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly). www.cabi.org (data sheet). Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 White, Adam (1845). "Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of homopterous insects from the East in the collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 15 (95): 34–37. doi:10.1080/037454809495244. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  11. ↑ Thierry, Bourgoin (2015). "Lycorma delicatula jole (Stål, 1863)". Catalogue of Life (catalogueoflife.org). Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  12. ↑ Stål, C. (1863). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin". Stettin (in German). 24: 230–251.
  13. ↑ Lin, You-Sheng; et al. (2023). "Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan."". Zoological Studies. 62 (7).
  14. 1 2 Mauchline, C.; McKenna, C. (2019). BS1847: Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White 1845) review: Biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit. Plant & Food Research (Report). Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  15. ↑ Gagnon, Jennifer (Spring 2016). "You Ain't From Around Here! Exotic Invasive of the Quarter: Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)" (PDF). Virginia Forest Landowner. 30 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  16. ↑ Dara, Surendra K.; Barringer, Lawrence; Steven P., Arthurs (2015). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): A New Invasive Pest in the United States". Journal of Integrated Pest Management . 6 (1): 1–6. doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmv021 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  17. ↑ Han, Jung Min; Kim, Hyojoong; Lim, Eun Ji; Lee, Seunghwan; Kwon, Yong-Jung; Cho, Soowon (2008). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae: Aphaeninae) finally, but suddenly arrived in Korea" (PDF). Entomological Research. 38 (4): 281–296. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00188.x. S2CID   86593102. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  18. ↑ Kaplan, Kim (16 October 2019). "First Genome of Spotted Lanternfly Built from a Single Insect". www.ars.usda.gov. USDA ARS. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  19. ↑ Nakashita, Ayano; Wang, Yayun; Lu, Sihan; Shimada, Keisuke; Tsuchida, Tsutomu (February 2022). "Ecology and genetic structure of the invasive spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula in Japan where its distribution is slowly expanding". Scientific Reports . 12 (1543 (2022)). Figure 5. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1543N. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05541-z. PMC   8807778 . PMID   35105894.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Spotted Lanternfly". Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. n.d. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  21. 1 2 Wang, Rong-Rong; Liu, Jia-Jia; Li, Xin-Yu; Liang, Ai-Ping; Bourgoin, Thierry (27 March 2018). "Relating antennal sensilla diversity and possible species behaviour in the planthopper pest Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)". PLoS One . 13 (3): e0194995. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394995W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194995 . PMC   5871016 . PMID   29584780.
  22. 1 2 "Life cycle, identification, and dispersion". Spotted lanternfly biology. New York State Integrated Pest Management, C.U. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  23. ↑ Gillett-Kaufman, Jennifer L.; Griffith, Taryn B. (August 2018). "Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Gill, Chuck (17 November 2014). "Entomologists hope vigilance, research stop newly discovered spotted lanternfly". phys.org. Science X network. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  25. ↑ Kane, Suzanne Amador; Bien, Theodore; Contreras-Orendain, Luis; Ochs, Michael F.; Tonia Hsieh, S. (11 August 2021). "Many ways to land upright: novel righting strategies allow spotted lanternfly nymphs to land on diverse substrates". Journal of the Royal Society Interface . 18 (181): 20210367. doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0367. PMC   8355684 . PMID   34376093.
  26. ↑ Barringer, Lawrence E.; Donovall, Leo R.; Spichiger, Sven-Erik; Lynch, Daniel; Henry, David (June 2015). "The First New World Record of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)". Entomological News . 125 (1): 20–23. doi:10.3157/021.125.0105. ISSN   0013-872X. S2CID   86233694.
  27. ↑ Park, Ji-Doo; Kim, Min-Young; Lee, Sang-Gil; Shin, Sang-Chul; Kim, Jun-Heon; Park, Il-Kwon (30 March 2009). "Biological Characteristics of Lycorma delicatula and the Control Effects of Some Insecticides". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 48 (1): 53–57. doi: 10.5656/ksae.2009.48.1.053 . ISSN   1225-0171.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Lycorma delicatula". EPPO PRA. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Spotted lanternfly – a new threat to grapes, stone fruit?". Western Farm Press . St. Charles, IL: Penton Agriculture Market. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Murman, Kelly; Setliff, Gregory P.; Pugh, Cathryn V.; Toolan, Michael J.; Canlas, Isaiah; Cannon, Stefani; et al. (14 December 2020). "Distribution, survival, and development of spotted lanternfly on host plants found in North America". Environmental Entomology . 49 (6): 1270–1281. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa126. ISSN   0046-225X. PMID   33128562. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  31. 1 2 Chapell, Bill (3 November 2014). "Invasive bug prompts quarantine in Pennsylvania townships". The Two-way. NPR (blog). National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  32. 1 2 "Spotted lanternfly". Penn State extension service (extension.psu.edu). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  33. ↑ "Spotted Lanternfly". First Detector (firstdetector.org). First Detection Program. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  34. ↑ "Spotted Lanternfly in New Jersey: What you need to know". Mendham Garden Center. 31 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  35. ↑ Cunningham, Caroline (23 November 2020). "Finally, something spotted lanternflies are good for: Honey". Philadelphia Magazine . Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  36. ↑ "Spotted lanternflies and beekeeping". Penn State extension service (extension.psu.edu). Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  37. 1 2 3 Kim, Jae Geun; Lee, Eun-Hyuk; Seo, Yeo-Min; Kim, Na-Yeon (8 June 2011). "Cyclic behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on host plants". Journal of Insect Behavior . 24 (6): 423–435. Bibcode:2011JIBeh..24..423K. doi:10.1007/s10905-011-9266-8. ISSN   0892-7553. S2CID   44841539.
  38. 1 2 "Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly)". CAB International (cabi.org). November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  39. 1 2 Uyi, Osariyekemwen; Keller, Joseph A.; Johnson, Anne; Long, David; Walsh, Brian; Hoover, Kelli (17 October 2020). "Spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) can complete development and reproduce without access to the preferred host, Ailanthus altissima". Environmental Entomology . 49 (5): 1185–1190. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvaa083 . ISSN   0046-225X. PMID   32725170. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  40. ↑ Lee, Jeong-Eun; Moon, Sang-Rae; Ahn, Hee-Geun; Cho, Sun-Ran; Yang, Jeong-Oh; Yoon, Chang-Mann; Kim, Gil-Hah (30 December 2009). "Feeding behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and response on feeding stimulants of some plants". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 48 (4): 467–477. doi: 10.5656/ksae.2009.48.4.467 . ISSN   1225-0171.
  41. ↑ "The spotted lanternfly, a new insect pest detected in Pennsylvania". Entomology News (Press release). Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences. Pennsylvania State University. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  42. ↑ Lee, Jung-Su; Kim, Il-Kwon; Koh, Sang-Hyun; Cho, Sung Jong; Jang, Suk-Jun; Pyo, Seung-Hyeon; Choi, Won Il (January 2011). "Impact of minimum winter temperature on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) egg mortality". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 14 (1): 123–125. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2010.09.004.
  43. 1 2 Maher, Kris (18 November 2014). "New invasive pest has Pennsylvania towns on alert". The Wall Street Journal (online ed.). Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  44. ↑ Kreitman, Devin (2021). "Effects of temperature on development and survival of nymphal Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)" (PDF). Environmental Entomology . 50 (1): 183–191. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa155. PMID   33269378. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  45. ↑ Jacek Szwedo, Adam Stroin´ski (August 2012). "The oldest known Lophopidae planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from the European Palaeocene" (PDF). Geobios. 45 (4): 413–420. Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..413S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.10.007.
  46. ↑ "Spotted Lanternfly - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. National Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  47. ↑ Du, Zhenyong; Wu, Yunfei; Chen, Zhuo; Cao, Liangming; Ishikawa, Tadashi; Kamitani, Satoshi; et al. (2021). "Global phylogeography and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly revealed by mitochondrial phylogenomics". Evolutionary Applications. 14 (4): 915–930. Bibcode:2021EvApp..14..915D. doi:10.1111/eva.13170. ISSN   1752-4571. PMC   8061274 . PMID   33897812.
  48. 1 2 Burne, Allan (17 March 2020). Pest risk assessment: Lycorma delicatula (Spotted lanternfly) (risk-assessment). Biosecurity New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Ministry for Primary Industries. ISBN   978-1-99-001754-4. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  49. ↑ Jung, Jae-Min; Jung, Sunghoon; Byeon, Dae-hyeon; Lee, Wang-Hee (December 2017). "Model-based prediction of potential distribution of the invasive insect pest, spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), by using CLIMEX". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 10 (4): 532–538. doi: 10.1016/j.japb.2017.07.001 . ISSN   2287-884X.
  50. ↑ Kim, Hyojoong; Kim, Minyoung; Kwon, Deok Ho; Park, Sangwook; Lee, Yerim; Huang, Junhao; et al. (December 2013). "Molecular comparison of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) isolates in Korea, China, and Japan". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 16 (4): 503–506. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2013.07.003. ISSN   1226-8615.
  51. ↑ Montague, Zach (21 May 2018). "Lanternflies eat everything in sight; the U.S. is looking delicious". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  52. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly". Profile and resources. invasivespeciescentre.ca. Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Invasive Species Centre. n.d. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  53. ↑ Harrison, Courtney (22 March 2021). "Spotted lanternfly spreading farther into our area". WNEP . Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  54. ↑ Kime, Lynn F.; Harper, Jayson K.; Stone, William; Kelsey, Timothy W. (December 2019). Potential economic impact of the spotted lanternfly on agriculture and forestry in Pennsylvania (PDF) (Report). Pennsylvania State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  55. 1 2 3 4 "Spotted lanternfly". aphis.usda.gov. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). U.S. Department of Agriculture. n.d. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022.
  56. ↑ "State agricultural officials urge residents to report signs of invasive spotted lanternfly". Mass.gov (Press release). Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources. September 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  57. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly". agriculture.delaware.gov. Delaware Department of Agriculture. n.d. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  58. ↑ Warren, Michael (30 January 2019) [July 2018]. "These three N.J. counties are now under a spotted lanternfly quarantine". nj.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  59. ↑ "New York State announces confirmed finding of spotted lanternfly on Staten Island" (Press release). New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. 14 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  60. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly found in Jefferson County" (Press release). Ohio Department of Agriculture. 27 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  61. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly". in.gov. Entomology. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  62. ↑ McGrath, Mike (5 October 2018). "Invasive spotted lanternfly makes journey into Virginia". WTOP . Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  63. ↑ "NCDA&CS finds spotted lanternfly in Forsyth County". ncagr.gov (Press release). North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  64. ↑ "Forest pest alert: Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)" (PDF) (Press release). Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023. In July 2022, live spotted lanternfly was found in Oakland County. Treatment of the infested area was completed and MDARD is working to contain and limit the spread of this small population.
  65. ↑ Roberts, Andy M. (19 September 2023). "Michigan DNR advises residents to be on the lookout for invasive spotted lanternfly". White Lake Beacon . Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  66. ↑ Bink, Addy (17 September 2023). "Spotted lanternfly: Should you be worried about them?". WREG . Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023– via Yahoo News. Dead lanternflies were found in Michigan as early as 2018 but its first live infestation was confirmed in August 2022, as was Rhode Island's.
  67. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly detected in middle Tennessee". Tennessee Department of Agriculture (Press release). 28 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  68. ↑ Sanderson, Emily (4 October 2024). "Spotted Lanternfly: Invasive insect spotted in northern Kentucky". WLWT5 .
  69. 1 2 3 4 Wakie, T.T.; Neven, L.G.; Yee, W.L.; Lu, Z. (3 October 2019). "The establishment risk of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in the United States and globally". Journal of Economic Entomology. 113 (1): 306–314. doi: 10.1093/jee/toz259 . PMID   31579914. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  70. ↑ Edwards, Jonathan (15 September 2021). "A Kansas boy entered a unique insect at the state fair. It triggered a federal investigation". The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  71. ↑ Villarreal, Alexandra (15 September 2021). "Kansas boy's insect entry at state fair wins prize – and triggers federal inquiry". The Guardian (US ed.). Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  72. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula pest alert" (PDF). Fact sheets and pest alerts (Press release). Salem, OR: Oregon Department of Agriculture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  73. ↑ "Oregon nursery finds destructive spotted lanternfly, first ever reported in Oregon". Oregon Department of Agriculture News (odanews.wpengine.com). 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  74. ↑ "Spotted lanternfly: A colorful cause for concern". MSU College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan State University. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  75. 1 2 Ehnes, Mandy (16 June 2020). "Spotted lanternfly: A serious threat to Canada's wine and agricultural industries". invasivespeciescentre.ca. Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Invasive Species Centre. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  76. ↑ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/spotted-lanternfly-windsor-essex-invasive-species-1.7338210
  77. ↑ Ciolli, Marco; Anfora, Gianfranco; Hoelmer, Kim A.; Malek, Robert; Kaser, Joe M.; Broadley, Hannah J.; Gould, Juli (11 October 2019). "Footprints and Ootheca of Lycorma delicatula influence Host-Searching and -Acceptance of the Egg-Parasitoid Anastatus orientalis". Environmental Entomology . 48 (6): 1270–1276. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvz110 . hdl: 10449/57899 . PMID   31603497. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  78. ↑ Jung, Jae-Min; Jung, Sunghoon; Byeon, Dae-hyeon; Lee, Wang-Hee (2017). "Model-based prediction of potential distribution of the invasive insect pest, spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), by using CLIMEX". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 10 (4): 532–538. doi: 10.1016/j.japb.2017.07.001 .
  79. ↑ Christian (18 July 2024). "Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  80. ↑ Maino, James Louis; Schouten, Rafael; Lye, Jessica C.; Umina, Paul A.; Reynolds, Olivia L. (2021), Mapping The Life-History, Development, And Survival of Spotted Lantern Fly In Occupied And Uninvaded Ranges, pp. 1–18, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-400798/v1, S2CID   236227250, archived from the original on 17 January 2022, retrieved 17 January 2022
  81. 1 2 3 Leach, Heather; Biddinger, David; Krawczyk, Greg; Swackhamer, Emelie; Korman, Amy; Walsh, Brian (8 May 2020). "Spotted lanternfly management for homeowners". Penn State extension service (extension.psu.edu). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  82. ↑ Griffaton, Grace (15 June 2020). "Wildlife experts warn spotted lanternfly traps are killing birds, bats, squirrels, and other animals". fox43.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  83. ↑ Choi, Duck-Soo; Kim, Do-Ik; Ko, Suk-Ju; Kang, Beom-Ryong; Park, Jong-Dae; Kim, Seon-Gon; Choi, Kyeong-Ju (1 December 2012). "Environmentally-friendly control methods and forecasting the hatching time Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in Jeonnam Province". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 51 (4): 371–376. doi: 10.5656/ksae.2012.09.0.022 . ISSN   1225-0171.
  84. ↑ Francese, Joseph A.; Cooperband, Miriam F.; Murman, Kelly M.; Cannon, Stefani L.; Booth, Everett G.; Devine, Sarah M.; Wallace, Matthew S. (14 April 2020). "Developing traps for the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)". Environmental Entomology . 49 (2): 269–276. doi:10.1093/ee/nvz166. ISSN   0046-225X. PMID   31990325.
  85. ↑ Cooperband, Miriam F.; Wickham, Jacob; Cleary, Kaitlin; Spichiger, Sven-Erik; Zhang, Longwa; Baker, John; et al. (21 March 2019). "Discovery of three kairomones in relation to trap and lure development for spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 112 (2): 671–682. doi: 10.1093/jee/toy412 . ISSN   0022-0493. PMID   30753676.
  86. ↑ Liu, Houping; Lusk, Robert; Gallardy, Ross (1 March 2021). "Infrared thermography for insect detection: lighting up the spotted lanternfly in the field". Journal of Pest Science. 94 (2): 231–240. doi:10.1007/s10340-021-01338-7. ISSN   1612-4766. S2CID   234011992.
  87. ↑ Essler, Jennifer L.; Kane, Sarah A.; Collins, Amanda; Ryder, Kaley; de Angelo, Annemarie; Kaynaroglu, Patricia; Otto, Cynthia M. (3 May 2021). "Egg masses as training aids for spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula detection dogs". PLoS One . 16 (5): e0250945. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1650945E. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250945 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   8092771 . PMID   33939739.
  88. ↑ Rebbeck, J.; Malone, M. A.; Short, D. P. G.; Kasson, M. T.; O'Neal, E. S.; Davis, D. D. (July 2013). "First Report of Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium nonalfalfae on Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in Ohio". Plant Disease . 97 (7): 999. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-13-0062-PDN . ISSN   0191-2917. PMID   30722582.
  89. ↑ Brooks, Rachel K.; Toland, Ashley; Dechaine, Andrew C.; McAvoy, Thomas; Salom, Scott (2020). "The inability of spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) to vector a plant pathogen between its preferred host, Ailanthus altissima, in a laboratory setting". Insects . 11 (8): 515. doi: 10.3390/insects11080515 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2023.
  90. 1 2 Clifton, Eric H.; Castrillo, Louela A.; Hajek, Ann E. (1 November 2021). "Discovery of two hypocrealean fungi infecting spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula: Metarhizium pemphigi and a novel species, Ophiocordyceps delicatula". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . 186: 107689. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107689 . ISSN   0022-2011. PMID   34774856. S2CID   244070660.
  91. ↑ Clifton, Eric H.; Castrillo, Louela A.; Gryganskyi, Andrii; Hajek, Ann E. (7 May 2019). "A pair of native fungal pathogens drives decline of a new invasive herbivore". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 116 (19): 9178–9180. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.9178C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1903579116 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6511058 . PMID   31010927.
  92. ↑ Buffone, John (30 August 2019). "There's fungus among us, and it might kill off the spotted lanternfly in Pa". York Daily Record. USA Today Network. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  93. 1 2 Liu, Houping; Mottern, Jason (January 2017). "An old remedy for a new problem? Identification of Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg larasitoid of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in North America". Journal of Insect Science . 17 (1): 18. doi:10.1093/jisesa/iew114. PMC   5270392 . PMID   28069731. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  94. ↑ Xin, Bei; Wang, Xiao-yi; Cao, Liang-ming; Zhang, Yan-long; Gould, Juli; Broadley, Hannah; Hoelmer, Kim (February 2021). "Exploratory survey of spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and its natural enemies in China". Environmental Entomology . 50 (1): 36–45. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvaa137 . PMID   33301027. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  95. ↑ Choi, Man-Young; Yang, Zhong-Qi; Wang, Xiao-Yi; Tang, Yan-Long; Hou, Zhen-Rong; Kim, Jeong Hwan; Byeon, Young Woong (1 June 2014). "Parasitism rate of egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in China". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 53 (2): 135–139. doi: 10.5656/ksae.2014.01.1.075 . ISSN   1225-0171.
  96. ↑ Charles, Dan (16 September 2019). "Vineyards facing an insect invasion may turn to aliens for help" (radio brdcst. rec. & transc.). NPR. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.