Verticillium nonalfalfae | |
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Species: | V. nonalfalfae |
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Verticillium nonalfalfae Inderbitzin et al. (2011) | |
Verticillium nonalfalfae is a soilborne fungus in the order Hypocreales. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species, including Ailanthus altissima . [1] [2] The fungus produces a resting mycelium characterized by brown-pigmented hyphae. It is most closely related to V. dahliae and V. alfalfae . [3]
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Colonies of Verticillium nonalfalfae on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) reach 3.5-5.5 cm in diameter after two weeks, initially white, later darkening due to the formation of submerged resting mycelium [3] . Aerial mycelium is abundant, cottony to powdery, composed of smooth-walled hyphae 1.5-3 µm wide. Conidiophores are erect or slanted, simple or branched, hyaline, 30-710 µm long, and 4.5-6 µm wide, tapering to 2-3 µm at the apex. Conidiogenous cells (phialides) are arranged in whorls of 1-7, spaced 50-160 µm apart, producing hyaline, smooth-walled conidia that are cylindrical to oval or allantoid, measuring 4-10.5 µm long by 2.5-3.5 µm wide. Resting mycelium is present, consisting of brown-pigmented, thick-walled hyphae, up to 9 µm wide, often aggregated and sometimes torulose.
It is not possible to differentiate V. nonalfalfae and V. alfalfae from V. albo-atrum consistently using only morphological features. Molecular diagnostics using PCR to screen for the presence of mating type idiomorphs MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 show that V. nonalfalfae has the MAT1-2 idiomorph whereas V. alfalfae has the MAT1-1 idiomorph [3] . Verticillium albo-atrum may be found in co-infections with V. nonalfalfae on some hosts. [3] The hyphae penetrate the root epidermal cells of hosts and enter the xylem. [1] [4]
Verticillium nonalfalfae has a wide host range including hops, kiwifruit, spinach, solanaceous plants like eggplants and potatoes, and tree of heaven (A. altissima). Systemic infections appear on most hosts showing vascular wilts caused by xylem blockage. Additional symptoms including vascular discoloration and defoliation show almost exclusively on A. altissima. [5] [6] V. nonalfalfae tends not to infect non-target plants. [6] In contrast with V. alfafae, it does not infect alfalfa.
One important host of V. nonalfalfae is hops, with infections found both in the United States and most places around the world. [7] The symptoms of hosts infected by V. nonalfalfae on hops are categorized into two pathotypes: mild and lethal. Mild pathotypes primarily cause symptoms of curling and leaf tissue death. [7] Hops infected by V. nonalfalfae with the mild pathotype generally can survive the infection. For the lethal pathotype of V. nonalfalfae on hops, hosts suffer from rapid weakening that ultimately leads to death. The lethal form was discovered in hops in the 1940s in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe later. [8] Two pathotypes share similar peroxidase, which are thought to be contribute to their pathogenicity.
The disease cycle of Verticillium nonalfalfae is similar to that of other members of the genus. V. nonalfalfae overwinters by forming a resting mycelium in the soil. However, unlike V. dahliae, for example, it does not produce microsclerotia. [9] [3]
Verticillium nonalfalfae infects in the spring via conidia in the soil; conidia are borne on conidiophores. [9] It has been found that intraspecific grafting enhances V. nonalfalfae’s dispersal of conidia, that is, conidia from diseased roots can be transported to healthy root tissues. [10] Conidia can be transmitted through mechanical dispersal, whereby the conidia become attached to cutting tools. In the case of hops, the fungus can spread during soil cultivation, via plantings from infested yards, and through soil moved by equipment and workers.[ citation needed ] Long-distance transportation of conidia involves insects such as ambrosia beetles, which are thought to be critical in creating regional outbreaks of wilting in Ailanthus. [10] [11]
Another important host of V. nonalfalfae is Ailanthus altissima, also known as tree of heaven. This species of Ailanthus was introduced in the northeastern United States from the 1790s, and is now a forest management problem in 40 of the 48 contiguous states. [11] Spreading widely and quickly, it is considered to be an Invasive species. V. nonalfalfae is being studied as a biological control of A. altissima. Symptoms of verticillium wilt on tree of heaven appear quickly after inoculation, according to studies. [10] A vector of the wilt is the weevil Eucryptorrhynchus brandti . [12]
Texas root rot is a disease that is fairly common in Mexico and the southwestern United States resulting in sudden wilt and death of affected plants, usually during the warmer months. It is caused by a soil-borne fungus named Phymatotrichopsis omnivora that attacks the roots of susceptible plants. It was first discovered in 1888 by Pammel and later named by Duggar in 1916.
Fusarium wilt is a common vascular wilt fungal disease, exhibiting symptoms similar to Verticillium wilt. This disease has been investigated extensively since the early years of this century. The pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt is Fusarium oxysporum. The species is further divided into formae speciales based on host plant.
Verticillium is a genus of fungi in the division Ascomycota, and are an anamorphic form of the family Plectosphaerellaceae. The genus used to include diverse groups comprising saprobes and parasites of higher plants, insects, nematodes, mollusc eggs, and other fungi, thus the genus used to have a wide-ranging group of taxa characterised by simple but ill-defined characters. The genus, currently thought to contain 51 species, may be broadly divided into three ecologically based groups - mycopathogens, entomopathogens, and plant pathogens and related saprotrophs. However, the genus has undergone recent revision into which most entomopathogenic and mycopathogenic isolates fall into a new group called Lecanicillium.
Verticillium wilt is a wilt disease affecting over 350 species of eudicot plants. It is caused by six species of Verticillium fungi: V. dahliae, V. albo-atrum, V. longisporum, V. nubilum, V. theobromae and V. tricorpus. Many economically important plants are susceptible including cotton, tomatoes, potatoes, oilseed rape, eggplants, peppers and ornamentals, as well as others in natural vegetation communities. Many eudicot species and cultivars are resistant to the disease and all monocots, gymnosperms and ferns are immune.
Glomerella graminicola is an economically important crop parasite affecting both wheat and maize where it causes the plant disease Anthracnose Leaf Blight.
Alternaria japonica is a fungal plant pathogen. It is a cause of black spot disease in cruciferous plants. It is not a major source of crop loss, but is considered dangerous for plants during the seedling stage.
Verticillium dahliae is a fungal plant pathogen. It causes verticillium wilt in many plant species, causing leaves to curl and discolor. It may cause death in some plants. Over 400 plant species are affected by Verticillium complex.
Verticillium longisporum, also known as Verticillium Wilt, is a fungal plant pathogen that commonly infects canola. V. longisporum can attack other brassica plants as well as woody ornamentals. A main symptom of the infected plant is wilting. In America, V. longsiporum primarily effects eudicot plants. This pathogen can be very devastating and hard to eradicate, responding only to expensive fumigation or fungal resistant plants.
Fusarium redolens is a species of fungus in the genus Fusarium and family Nectriaceae. This species is a soil-borne plant pathogen in temperate prairies. It causes diseases such as root, crown, and spear rot, seedling damping-off, and wilting disease. It is a known producer of the alkaloids peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside, which has implications for traditional Chinese medicine.
Didymella bryoniae, syn. Mycosphaerella melonis, is an ascomycete fungal plant pathogen that causes gummy stem blight on the family Cucurbitaceae, which includes cantaloupe, cucumber, muskmelon and watermelon plants. The anamorph/asexual stage for this fungus is called Phoma cucurbitacearum. When this pathogen infects the fruit of cucurbits it is called black rot.
Heinrich Klebahn was a German mycologist and phytopathologist.
The spotted lanternfly is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China and Vietnam. It has spread invasively to Japan, South Korea, and the United States, where it is often referred to by the acronym "SLF". Its preferred host is the tree of heaven, but it also feeds on other trees, and on crops including soybean, grapes, stone fruits, and Malusspp. In its native habitat, L. delicatula populations are regulated by parasitic wasps.
Entomophaga grylli is a fungal pathogen which infects and kills grasshoppers. It is the causal agent of one of the most widespread diseases affecting grasshoppers. This is sometimes known as summit disease because infected insects climb to the upper part of a plant and grip the tip of the stem as they die; this ensures widespread dispersal of the fungal spores. The fungus is a species complex with several different pathotypes, each one of which seems to be host-specific to different subfamilies of grasshoppers. The pathogen is being investigated for its possible use in biological pest control of grasshoppers.
Verticillium alfalfae is a fungus. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species, particularly alfalfa. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing resting mycelium. It is most closely related to V. albo-atrum and V. nonalfalfae.
Verticillium klebahnii is a fungus often pathogenically inhabiting lettuce. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing abundant chlamydospores and resting mycelium. It is most closely related to V. tricorpus and V. isaacii.
Verticillium isaacii is a fungus inhabiting artichoke, spinach and lettuce, without necessarily being pathogenic. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing abundant chlamydospores and resting mycelium. It is most closely related to V. tricorpus and V. klebahnii.
Verticillium zaregamsianum is a fungus often found in lettuce in Japan. It can cause verticillium wilt in some plant species. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing few chlamydospores and with sparse resting mycelium. It is most closely related to V. tricorpus.
Botrytis elliptica is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen which infects species of plants in the Lilium genus, causing the disease commonly known as Lily Gray Mold. The symptoms of Lily Gray Mold include the appearance of water-soaked spots on leaves which appear white and increase in darkness with age, ranging from gray to brown. These spots may cover the entire leaf, complemented with a gray webbing, containing the fungal spores. The leaves will appear wilted and branches may die back. In addition to leaves, petals, stems, and buds may be infected, and this gray webbing will eventually cover the plant, feigning the appearance of gray flowers. Infected buds often rot. Lily Gray Mold disease, if not properly treated, will appear each year with increasing vigor.
Eucryptorrhynchus brandti, the snout weevil, is an insect in the weevil family. In its native range in China, it causes significant damage to its single host, Ailanthus altissima, tree of heaven. Thus the weevil is under study as a biological control of tree of heaven in regions where the tree is non-native. In particular, the insect acts as a vector for Verticillium nonalfalfae, a soilborne fungus that causes verticillium wilt.
Xenodevriesia strelitziicola is a pathogenic ascomycete fungus in the class Dothideomycetes that infects the South African plant Strelitzia. It is the only species of the monotypic genus Xenodevriesia and family Xenodevriesiaceae.
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