Sordariomycetes

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Sordariomycetes
Langstielige Ahorn-Holzkeule (Xylaria longipes).JPG
A single Xylaria longipes ascocarp
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
(unranked): Saccharomyceta
Subdivision: Pezizomycotina
(unranked): Leotiomyceta
(unranked): Sordariomyceta
Class: Sordariomycetes
O.E.Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1 (1): 10 (1997)
Subclasses & orders

Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota). [1] It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in aquatic habitats. [2] Some are phytopathogens that can cause leaf, stem, and root diseases in a wide variety of hosts, while other genera can cause diseases in arthropods and mammals. [3] [4]

Contents

The name Sordariomycetes is derived from the Latin sordes (filth) because some species grow in animal feces, though growth habits vary widely across the class.

In 2013, it consisted of 3 subclasses, 12 orders, 600 genera and 3000 species, [5] Then by 2015, it had 3 subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. [1] This has increased to 4 subclasses and 54 orders in 2020. [6] It then increased to 6 subclasses and 54 orders in 2023. [7] In May 2023, the GBIF listed 26,295 species in Sordariomycetes. [8]

Sordariomycetes generally produce their asci in perithecial fruiting bodies.

Sordariomycetes are also known as Pyrenomycetes, from the Greek πυρἠν - 'the stone of a fruit' - because of the usually somewhat tough texture of their tissue. [9]

Sordariomycetes possess great variability in morphology, growth form, and habitat. Most have perithecial (flask-shaped) fruiting bodies, but ascomata can be less frequently cleistothecial (such as in the genera Anixiella , Apodus , Boothiella , Thielavia and Zopfiella ). [10] [11] Fruiting bodies may be solitary or gregarious, superficial, or immersed within stromata or tissues of the substrates and can be light to bright or black. Members of this group can grow in soil, dung, leaf litter, and decaying wood as decomposers, as well as being fungal parasites, and insect, human, and plant pathogens. [12] [13] [14]

Sordariomycetes are one of the classes that can also be found in the sea, such as orders, Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales, which were placed in the subclass Lulworthiomycetidae, consist of exclusively marine taxa. [15]

Some species of Sordariomycetes are economically important as bio-control agents, [16] and other genera can produce a wide range of chemically diverse metabolites, that are important in agricultural, medicinal and other biotechnological industries. [17]

Subclasses and orders

As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2022. [7]

Subclass Diaporthomycetidae

Subclass Hypocreomycetidae

Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae

Subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae

Subclass Savoryellomycetidae

Subclass Sordariomycetidae

Subclass Xylariomycetidae

Order incertae sedis

Familia incertae sedis

These are families in the Sordariomycetes whose taxonomic affinities are not sufficiently well known to be placed in any order.

Genera incertae sedis

These 108 genera within the Sordariomycetes have an uncertain taxonomic placement (incertae sedis), according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota. A question mark preceding the genus name means the placement of that genus within this order is uncertain. [19] Abyssomyces – Acerbiella – Acrospermoides – Ameromassaria – Amphisphaerellula – Amphisphaerina – Amphorulopsis – Amylis – Anthostomaria – Anthostomellina – Apharia – Apodothina – Apogaeumannomyces – Aquadulciospora – Aquamarina – Aropsiclus – Ascorhiza – Ascoyunnania – Assoa – Aulospora – Azbukinia – Bactrosphaeria – Barrina – Biporispora – Bombardiastrum – Brenesiella – Byrsomyces – Byssotheciella – Caleutypa – Calosphaeriopsis – Caproniella – Chaetoamphisphaeria – Charonectria – Ciliofusospora – Clohiesia – Clypeoceriospora – Clypeosphaerulina – Cryptoascus – Cryptomycina – Cryptovalsa – Cucurbitopsis – Curvatispora – Dasysphaeria – Delpinoella – Diacrochordon – Dontuzia – Dryosphaera – Endoxylina – Esfandiariomyces – Frondisphaera – Glabrotheca – Heliastrum – Hyaloderma – Hydronectria – Hypotrachynicola – Immersisphaeria – Iraniella – Khuskia – Konenia – Kravtzevia – Kurssanovia – Lecythium – Leptosacca – Leptosphaerella – Leptosporina – Lyonella – Mangrovispora – Melomastia – Microcyclephaeria – Mirannulata – Monosporascus – Myrmecridium – ?Naumovela – ?Neocryptospora – Neolamya – Neothyridaria – Oceanitis – Ophiomassaria – Ornatispora – Pareutypella – Phomatospora – Phyllocelis – Plectosphaerella – Pleocryptospora – Pleosphaeria – Pontogeneia – Porodiscus – Protocucurbitaria – Pulvinaria – Pumilus – Rehmiomycella – Rhamphosphaeria – Rhizophila – Rimaconus – Rhopographella – Rhynchosphaeria – Rivulicola – Romellina – Saccardoella – Sarcopyrenia – Sartorya – Scharifia – Scoliocarpon – Scotiosphaeria – Servaziella – Sporoctomorpha – Stearophora – Stegophorella – Stellosetifera – Stomatogenella – Sungaiicola – Synsphaeria – Tamsiniella – Thelidiella – Thyridella – Thyrotheca – Trichospermella – Trichosphaeropsis – Vleugelia – Zignoina

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreales</span> Order of fungi

The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the Stachybotryaceae. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order. According to the Catalog of Life, As of April 2021 the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species. Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order, where Cylindriaceae was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed Cylindriaceae in class Xylariomycetidae. Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed. Hence, Cylindriaceae should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

Hypocreomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleosporaceae</span> Family of fungi

Pleosporaceae is a family of sac fungi. They are pathogenic to humans or saprobic on woody and dead herbaceous stems or leaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sordariomycetidae</span> Subclass of sac fungi

Sordariomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microascales</span> Order of fungi

The Microascales are an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Hypocreomycetidae. This is a relatively small order of mostly saprobic fungi that live in soil, rotting vegetation and dung. Some species are plant pathogens, such as Ceratocystis fimbriata, transmitted by beetles to living trees and causing cacao wilt and many other economically important diseases. Species in the genus Pseudallescheria are pathogenic to humans The order was circumscribed in 1980. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order.

Jobellisia is a genus of fungi within the monotypic family Jobellisiaceae and the monotypic order Jobellisiales and also the subclass Hypocreomycetidae, and class Sordariomycetes. The genus was circumscribed by Margaret Elizabeth Barr-Bigelow in 1993 with Jobellisia luteola as the type species. It contains species that grow on dead wood and bark in tropical and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

The Trichosphaeriales are an order of sac fungi. It is monotypic, and consists of the single family, the Trichosphaeriaceae. In 2017, the family of Trichosphaeriaceae was placed in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis, which was accepted by Wijayawardene et al. (2018), and Wijayawardene et al. 2020. The order of Trichosphaeriales was also unplaced. They are generally saprobic and pathogenic on plants, commonly isolated from herbivore dung.

The Lulworthiaceae are a family of marine fungi in the Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes. Species in the family have a widespread distribution in both temperate and tropical oceans, and are typically found growing on submerged wood or on seaweed. In 2000, Molecular analysis of several species of Lulworthia and Lindra led to the reassignment of their parent genera to the new order Lulworthiales in addition to the new family Lulworthiaceae. In 2020, a large fungi study added more genera to the family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnaporthales</span> Order of fungi

The Magnaporthales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes and subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It has several water based species and genera.

Lulworthiales is a monotypic order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes and also subclass Lulworthiomycetidae.

Savoryellomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi within the class of Sordariomycetes. It contains 4 known orders of Conioscyphales, Fuscosporellales, Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales.

Conioscyphales is an order of freshwater and terrestrial fungi within the division Ascomycota. It is in the subclass Savoryellomycetidae and the class Sordariomycetes and the subdivision of Pezizomycotina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuscosporellales</span> Order of fungi

Fuscosporellales is an order of fungi within the phylum of Ascomycota and in the class Sordariomycetes and subdivision of Pezizomycotina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Savoryellaceae</span> Order of fungi

Savoryellaceae is a family of aquatic based fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic order Savoryellales within the class Sordariomycetes, division Ascomycota.

<i>Savoryella</i> Genus of fungi

Savoryella is a genus of freshwater and marine based fungi in the family Savoryellaceae and the order Savoryellales.

Pisorisporiales is an order of fungi within the phylum of Ascomycota and in the class Sordariomycetes and subdivision of Pezizomycotina and also its own subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae.

Pleurotheciaceae is a family of ascomycetous fungi within the monotypic order of Pleurotheciales in the subclass Savoryellomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torpedosporales</span> Order of fungi

The Torpedosporales are an order of marine based fungi in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Most are found on wood substrates in the water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juncigenaceae</span> Family of fungi

Juncigenaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic to intertidal wood, within mangrove forests and other herbaceous wood and roots, bark, leaves in various marine habitats.

Torpedosporaceae is a monotypic family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic on intertidal mangrove wood and roots, bark leaves, and sand in various marine habitats.

References

  1. 1 2 Maharachchikumbura, S. S., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. G., McKenzie, E. H., Huang, S. K., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., ... & Hongsanan, S.. (2015). Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes. " Fungal Diversity. pp. 199–301.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Zhang, N.; Castlebury, L. A.; Miller, A. N.; Huhndorf, S. M.; Schoch, C. L.; Seifert, K. A.; Rossman, A. Y.; Rogers, J. D.; Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.; Sung, G.-H. (2006). "An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny". Mycologia. 98 (6): 1076–1087. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1076. ISSN   0027-5514. PMID   17486982.
  3. ↑ Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jeewon, Rajesh; Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Liu, NingGuo; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Oliveira-Filho, José Ribamar C.; da Silva, Gladstone A.; Gibertoni, Tatiana B.; Abeywikrama, P.; Carris, L. M.; Chethana, K. W. T.; Dissanayake, A. J.; Hongsanan, S.; Jayasiri, S. C.; McTaggart, A. R.; Perera, R. H.; Phutthacharoen, K.; Savchenko, K. G.; Shivas, R. G.; Thongklang, Naritsada; Dong, Wei; Wei, DePing; Wijayawardena, Nalin N.; Kang, Ji-Chuan (2019). "One stop shop II: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 26–50". Fungal Diversity. 94: 41–129. doi:10.1007/s13225-019-00418-5.
  4. ↑ Hyde, Kevin D.; Xu, Jianchu; Rapior, Sylvie; Jeewon, Rajesh; Lumyong, Saisamorn; Niego, Allen Grace T.; Abeywickrama, Pranami D.; Aluthmuhandiram, Janith V. S.; Brahamanage, Rashika S.; Brooks, Siraprapa; Chaiyasen, Amornrat; Chethana, K. W. Thilini; Chomnunti, Putarak; Chepkirui, Clara; Chuankid, Boontiya; de Silva, Nimali I.; Doilom, Mingkwan; Faulds, Craig; Gentekaki, Eleni; Gopalan, Venkat; Kakumyan, Pattana; Harishchandra, Dulanjalee; Hemachandran, Hridya; Hongsanan, Sinang; Karunarathna, Anuruddha; Karunarathna, Samantha C.; Khan, Sehroon; Kumla, Jaturong; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Liu, Jian-Kui; Liu, Ningguo; Luangharn, Thatsanee; Macabeo, Allan Patrick G.; Marasinghe, Diana S.; Meeks, Dan; Mortimer, Peter E.; Mueller, Peter; Nadir, Sadia; Nataraja, Karaba N.; Nontachaiyapoom, Sureeporn; O’Brien, Meghan; Penkhrue, Watsana; Phukhamsakda, Chayanard; Ramanan, Uma Shaanker; Rathnayaka, Achala R.; Sadaba, Resurreccion B.; Sandargo, Birthe; Samarakoon, Binu C.; Tennakoon, Danushka S.; Siva, Ramamoorthy; Sriprom, Wasan; Suryanarayanan, T. S.; Sujarit, Kanaporn; Suwannarach, Nakarin; Suwunwong, Thitipone; Thongbai, Benjarong; Thongklang, Naritsada; Wei, Deping; Wijesinghe, S. Nuwanthika; Winiski, Jake; Yan, Jiye; Yasanthika, Erandi; Stadler, Marc (2019). "The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially". Fungal Diversity. 97: 1–136. doi: 10.1007/s13225-019-00430-9 . hdl: 10033/621908 .
  5. ↑ H.C. Dube An Introduction to Fungi, 4th Ed. (2013) , p. 224, at Google Books
  6. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  7. 1 2 Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [160]. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . hdl: 10481/76378 . S2CID   249054641.
  8. ↑ "GBIF Species search". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  9. ↑ Century Dictionary entry for pyrenomycetes
  10. ↑ Lundqvist, N. (1972). "Nordic Sordariaceae s. lat". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 20: 1–374. ISSN   0082-0644. urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-124116.
  11. ↑ von Arx, J.A. (1975). "On Thielavia and some similar genera of ascomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 8: 1–31.
  12. ↑ Spatafora, J.W. (1995). "Ascomal evolution of filamentous ascomycetes: evidence from molecular". Canadian Journal of Botany. 73 (S1): 811–5. doi:10.1139/b95-326.
  13. ↑ Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercambre B, Riba G (1994). "Comparative-analysis of molecular and biological characteristics of strains of Beauveria brongniartii isolated from insects". Mycological Research. 98 (3): 322–8. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80460-7.
  14. ↑ Berbee ML, Taylor JW (1992). "Two ascomycete classes based on fruiting-body characters and ribosomal DNA sequence". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 9 (2): 278–284. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040719 . PMID   1560763.
  15. ↑ Poli, Anna; Prigione, Valeria; Bovio, Elena; Perugini, Iolanda; Varese, Giovanna Cristina (2021). "Insights on Lulworthiales Inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and Description of Three Novel Species of the Genus Paralulworthia". J. Fungi. 7 (11): 940. doi: 10.3390/jof7110940 . hdl: 2318/1818452 . PMC   8623521 . PMID   34829227.
  16. ↑ Kaewchai, S.; Soytong, K.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2009). "Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers". Fungal Diversity. 38: 25–50.
  17. ↑ Helaly, S.E.; Thongbai, B.; Stadler, M. (2018). "Diversity of biologically active secondary metabolites from endophytic and saprotrophic fungi of the ascomycete order Xylariales". Natural Product Reports. 35 (9): 992–1014. doi:10.1039/C8NP00010G. PMID   29774351.
  18. ↑ "Thyridiaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  19. ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota — 2007". Myconet. 13: 1–58.

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