Lygaeidae

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Lygaeidae
Biologia Centrali-Americana - Acroleucus brevicollis.jpg
Acroleucus brevicollis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Lygaeoidea
Family: Lygaeidae
Schilling, 1829
Diversity
at least 110 genera

The Lygaeidae are a family in the Hemiptera (true bugs), with more than 110 genera in four subfamilies. The family is commonly referred to as seed bugs, and less commonly, milkweed bugs, or ground bugs. [1] However, while many of the species feed on seeds, some feed on sap (mucivory) or seed pods, others are omnivores and a few, such as the wekiu bug, are carnivores that feed exclusively on insects. [2] [3] Insects in this family are distributed across the world. [4] The family was vastly larger, but numerous former subfamilies have been removed and given independent family status, including the Artheneidae, Blissidae, Cryptorhamphidae, Cymidae, Geocoridae, Heterogastridae, Ninidae, Oxycarenidae and Rhyparochromidae, which together constituted well over half of the former family. [5] [6]

Contents

The bizarre and mysterious beetle-like Psamminae were formerly often placed in the Piesmatidae, but this is almost certainly incorrect. Their true affiliations, however, are not entirely resolved to satisfaction. [7]

Distinguishing Characteristics

Lygaeidae are oval or elongate in body shape and have four-segmented antennae. [8] Lygaeidae can be distinguished from Miridae (plant bugs) by the presence of ocelli, or simple eyes. They are distinguished from Coreidae (squash bugs) by the number of veins in the membrane of the front wings, as Lygaeidae have only four or five veins. [9]

Subfamilies and selected genera

An incomplete list of Lygaeidae genera is subdivided as: [10] [11]

subfamily Ischnorhynchinae Stål, 1872
subfamily Lygaeinae Schilling, 1829
subfamily Orsillinae Stål, 1872
subfamily † Lygaenocorinae
Unplaced genera

The Pachygronthinae Stål, 1865 (type genus Pachygrontha Germar, 1840) may be placed here [10] or elevated to the family Pachygronthidae. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentatomomorpha</span> Infraorder of true bugs

The Pentatomomorpha comprise an infraorder of insects in the true bug order Hemiptera. It unites such animals as the stink bugs (Pentatomidae), flat bugs (Aradidae), seed bugs, etc. They are closely related to the Cimicomorpha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lygaeoidea</span> Superfamily of true bugs

The Lygaeoidea are a sizeable superfamily of true bugs, containing seed bugs and allies, in the order Hemiptera. There are about 16 families and more than 4,600 described species in Lygaeoidea, found worldwide. Most feed on seeds or sap, but a few are predators.

<i>Nysius</i> Genus of true bugs

Nysius is a genus of false chinch bugs in the family Lygaeidae. At least 100 described species are placed in Nysius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piesmatidae</span> Family of insects

Piesmatidae is a small family of true bugs, commonly called ash-grey leaf bugs. The Piesmatidae are distributed mostly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with some occurring in Africa, Australia and South America. A common species found throughout the Americas is Piesma cinereum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heterogastridae</span> Family of true bugs

Heterogastridae is a family of lygaeoid bugs consisting of about 20 genera and more than 100 species.

<i>Lygaeus equestris</i> Species of true bug

Lygaeus equestris, common name Black-and-Red-bug, is a species of ground bugs belonging to the family Lygaeidae, subfamily Lygaeinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blissidae</span> Family of true bugs

The Blissidae are a family in the Hemiptera, comprising nearly 50 genera and 400 species. The group has often been treated as a subfamily of the Lygaeidae but was resurrected as a full family by Thomas Henry (1997).

<i>Arocatus</i> Genus of true bugs

Arocatus is a genus of bugs in the family Lygaeidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orsillinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Orsillinae is a subfamily of seed bugs in the family Lygaeidae. There are at least 110 described species in Orsillinae; the type genus is Orsillus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhyparochrominae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Rhyparochrominae is a subfamily of dirt-colored seed bugs in the family Rhyparochromidae. There are more than 410 genera and 2,000 described species in Rhyparochrominae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aneurinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Aneurinae is a subfamily of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There is at least 1 genus, Aneurus, in Aneurinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metacanthinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Metacanthinae is a subfamily of stilt bugs in the family Berytidae. There are about 12 genera and 80 described species in Metacanthinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artheneidae</span> Family of true bugs

Artheneidae is a family of true bugs in the order Hemiptera. It was formerly included in Lygaeidae. There are about 7 genera and at least 20 described species in Artheneidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gampsocorinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Gampsocorinae is a subfamily of stilt bugs in the family Berytidae. There are about 60 described species in Gampsocorinae.

<i>Oncopeltus</i> Genus of true bugs

Oncopeltus is a genus of seed bugs in the family Lygaeidae, which has at least 40 described species.

<i>Lygaeus kalmii</i> Species of true bug

Lygaeus kalmii, known as the small milkweed bug or common milkweed bug, is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is found in Central and North America.

<i>Lygaeus turcicus</i> Species of true bug

Lygaeus turcicus, the false milkweed bug, is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is found in Eastern North America.

Colobathristidae is a family of true bugs in the order Hemiptera. There are more than 20 genera and 90 described species in Colobathristidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malcidae</span> Family of true bugs

Malcidae is a family of true bugs in the order Hemiptera. There are at least 4 genera and more than 40 described species in Malcidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ischnorhynchinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Ischnorhynchinae is a subfamily of seed bugs in the family Lygaeidae. There are about 16 genera and more than 70 described species in Ischnorhynchinae. The members of this subfamily are small, terrestrial insects that typically translucent or transparent plate-like structures covering the thorax (pronota) and tend to live in plant flowers.

References

  1. ↑ Edde, Peter A. (27 August 2021). "2 - Arthropod pests of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)". Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance: 74–139. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818621-3.00009-4. ISBN   9780128186213.
  2. ↑ Gillespie, David R. (1 January 2017). "Omnivory – A Flexible Feeding Strategy". Reference Module in Life Sciences. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.12260-5. ISBN   9780128096338.
  3. ↑ Eiben, Jesse A.; Rubinoff, Daniel (December 2010). "Life history and captive rearing of the Wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola, Lygaeidae), an alpine carnivore endemic to the Mauna Kea volcano of Hawaii". Journal of Insect Conservation. 14 (6): 701–709. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9298-y. S2CID   44239028.
  4. ↑ "Family Lygaeidae - Seed Bugs". bugguide.net.
  5. ↑ Henry, T.J. (1997). "Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 90 (3): 275–301. doi:10.1093/aesa/90.3.275.
  6. ↑ Cassis G., Gross G.F. (2002). Zoological Catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). CSIRO Publishing. p. 157. ISBN   9780643068759.
  7. ↑ David A. Grimaldi & Michael S. Engel (2007). "An unusual, primitive Piesmatidae (Insecta: Heteroptera) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3611): 1–17. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3611[1:AUPPIH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86107041.
  8. ↑ Slater, James Alexander (1995). A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the world (1960-1994). New York, N.Y.: New York Entomological Society. ISBN   978-0-913-424-16-2.
  9. ↑ "Family Lygaeidae". ENT 425 - General Entomology.
  10. 1 2 BioLb.cz: family ground bugs: Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829 (retrieved 26 October 2021)
  11. 1 2 Dellapé, Pablo M.; Henry, Thomas J. (2019). "family Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829". Lygaeoidea Species File. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
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