Dihydroxyanthraquinone

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A dihydroxyanthraquinone is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula (C12H6(OH)2)(CO)2, formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. Dihyroxyantraquinones have been studied since the early 1900s, and include some compounds of historical and current importance. [1] [2] The isomers differ in the position of the hydroxyl groups, and of the carbonyl oxygens (=O) of the underlying anthraquinone.

Contents

Isomers

From 9,10-anthraquinone

The unqualified term "dihydroxyanthraquinone" usually means a hydroxy derivative of 9,10-anthraquinone. The dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone functional group occurs widely in natural products, [3] [4] [5] and is an important feature of the anthracycline antitumour antibiotics. [6] [7] In particular, 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone is the precursor for the important topical antipsoriatic drug anthralin, 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, [8] [9]

There are 28 ways of choosing two of the 8 possible hydrogens, but because of the four-fold symmetry of the 9,10-anthraquinone core there are only 10 distinct isomers. [10]

From other anthraquinones

There are also many dihydroxy derivatives of other anthraquinones, such as 1,2-anthraquinone, 1,4-anthraquinone, and 2,6-anthraquinone. [10]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Wahl, Andre; Atack, F. W. (1919). The Manufacture Of Organic Dyestuffs. London: G. Bell And Sons, Limited. pp. 202–212.
  2. ↑ McGuigan, Hugh Alister (1921). An introduction to chemical pharmacology; pharmacodynamics in relation to chemistry. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's son & Co. p. 132.
  3. ↑ Khalafy, Jabbar; Bruce, J.M. (2002-06-01). "Oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-tetralones: Synthesis of juglone, naphthazarin, and α-hydroxyanthraquinones". Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran. 13 (2). ISSN   1016-1104. Silver(I) oxide in 1,4-dioxane converted 9,10-dihydroxy-1-oxo, 9,10-dihydroxy-1,5-dioxo, and 1,8-dioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro anthracene into, respectively, 1-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-, 1,5-dihydroxy-, and 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, in high yield.
  4. ↑ Thomson, Ronald Hunter (1971). Naturally Occurring Quinones . Academic Press. p.  66. ISBN   978-0-12-689650-3.
  5. ↑ Thomson, Ronald Hunter (1987). Naturally Occurring Quinones III: Recent Advances. Springer Netherlands. p. 358. ISBN   978-0-412-26730-7.
  6. ↑ Arcamone, Federico (1981). Doxorubicin: Anticancer Antibiotics. Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-12-059280-7.
  7. ↑ Ross Kelly, T. (1984). "Preface". Tetrahedron. 40 (22): 4537. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)91512-1.
  8. ↑ Ashton, Richard E.; Andre, Pierre; Lowe, Nicholas J.; Whitefield, Martin (1983). "Anthralin: Historical and current perspectives". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 9 (2): 173–192. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(83)70125-8. PMID   6309924.
  9. ↑ Kemény, L.; Ruzicka, T.; Braun-Falco, O. (1990). "Dithranol: a review of the mechanism of action in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris". Skin Pharmacology. 3 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1159/000210836. ISSN   1011-0283. PMID   2202336.
  10. 1 2 Buckingham, John B. (1996). Dictionary of Organic Compounds. Vol. 1. Chapman & Hall. ISBN   978-0-412-54090-5.
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