Alizarin

Last updated
Alizarin
Alizarin sublimed crop.jpg
Alizarin molecule ball from xtal.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1,2-Dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione
Other names
1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione [1]
1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone
Turkey red
Mordant red 11
Alizarin B
Alizarin red
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
3DMet
1914037
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.711 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
34541
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C14H8O4/c15-10-6-5-9-11(14(10)18)13(17)8-4-2-1-3-7(8)12(9)16/h1-6,15,18H Yes check.svgY
    Key: RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C14H8O4/c15-10-6-5-9-11(14(10)18)13(17)8-4-2-1-3-7(8)12(9)16/h1-6,15,18H
    Key: RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYAG
  • O=C2c1ccccc1C(=O)c3c2ccc(O)c3O
Properties
C14H8O4
Molar mass 240.214 g·mol−1
Appearanceorange-red crystals or powder
Density 1.540 g/cm3
Melting point 289.5 °C (553.1 °F; 562.6 K) [1]
Boiling point 430 °C (806 °F; 703 K)
slightly to sparingly soluble
Acidity (pKa)6.94
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning
H302, H315, H319
P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P501
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Related compounds
Related compounds
 anthraquinone, anthracene
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Alizarin (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, Mordant Red 11, C.I. 58000, and Turkey Red [2] ) is an organic compound with formula C
14H
8O
4 that has been used throughout history as a prominent red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics. Historically it was derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus. [3] In 1869, it became the first natural dye to be produced synthetically. [4]

Contents

Alizarin is the main ingredient for the manufacture of the madder lake pigments known to painters as rose madder and alizarin crimson. Alizarin in the most common usage of the term has a deep red color, but the term is also part of the name for several related non-red dyes, such as Alizarine Cyanine Green and Alizarine Brilliant Blue. A notable use of alizarin in modern times is as a staining agent in biological research because it stains free calcium and certain calcium compounds a red or light purple color. Alizarin continues to be used commercially as a red textile dye, but to a lesser extent than in the past.

History

Madder has been cultivated as a dyestuff since antiquity in central Asia and Egypt, where it was grown as early as 1500 BC. Cloth dyed with madder root pigment was found in the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, [5] in the ruins of Pompeii [ citation needed ], and ancient Athens and Corinth. [6] In the Middle Ages, Charlemagne encouraged madder cultivation. Madder was widely used as a dye in Western Europe in the Late Medieval centuries. [7] In 17th century England, alizarin was used as a red dye for the clothing of the parliamentary New Model Army. The distinctive red color would continue to be worn for centuries (though also produced by other dyes such as cochineal), giving English and later British soldiers the nickname of "redcoats".

alizarin color Alizarin01.jpg
alizarin color

The madder dyestuff is combined with a dye mordant. Depending on which mordant is used, the resulting color may be anywhere from pink through purple to dark brown. In the 18th century, the most valued color was a bright red known as "Turkey Red". The combination of mordants and overall technique used to obtain the Turkey Red originated in the Middle East or Turkey (hence the name). It was a complex and multi-step technique in its Middle Eastern formulation, some parts of which were unnecessary. [8] The process was simplified in late 18th-century Europe. By 1804, dye maker George Field in Britain had refined a technique to make lake madder by treating it with alum, and an alkali, [9] that converts the water-soluble madder extract into a solid, insoluble pigment. This resulting madder lake has a longer-lasting color, and can be used more efficaciously, for example by blending it into a paint. Over the following years, it was found that other metal salts, including those containing iron, tin, and chromium, could be used in place of alum to give madder-based pigments of various other colors. This general method of preparing lakes has been known for centuries [10] but was simplified in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

In 1826, the French chemist Pierre-Jean Robiquet found that madder root contained two colorants, the red alizarin and the more rapidly fading purpurin. [11] The alizarin component became the first natural dye to be synthetically duplicated in 1868 when the German chemists Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann, working for BASF, found a way to produce it from anthracene. [12] The Bayer AG company draws its roots from alizarin as well. [13] About the same time, the English dye chemist William Henry Perkin independently discovered the same synthesis, although the BASF group filed their patent before Perkin by one day. The subsequent discovery (made by Broenner and Gutzhow in 1871) that anthracene could be abstracted from coal tar further advanced the importance and affordability of alizarin's artificial synthesis. [14]

The synthetic alizarin could be produced for a fraction of the cost of the natural product, and the market for madder collapsed virtually overnight. The principal synthesis entailed bromination of anthraquinone by bromine (in a sealed tube at 100 oC) to give 1,2-dibromoanthraquinone. Then the two bromine atoms were substituted by -OH by heating (170 oC) with KOH, followed by treatment with strong acid. [15] The incorporation of two bromine atoms in 1 and 2 position is not expected by an aromatic electrophilic substitution, and suggest the existence of an α,β unsaturated enol form of anthraquinone which suffer electrophilic addition by bromine.

Alizarin, as a dye, has been largely replaced today by the more light-resistant quinacridone pigments developed at DuPont in 1958.

Structure and properties

1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called quinizarin, is an isomer of alizarin. Quinizarin.svg
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called quinizarin, is an isomer of alizarin.

Alizarin is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers. It is soluble in hexane and chloroform, and can be obtained from the latter as red-purple crystals, melting point 277–278 °C. [3]

Alizarin changes color depending on the pH of the solution it is in, thereby making it a pH indicator. [17]

Applications

Alizarin Red is used in a biochemical assay to determine, quantitatively by colorimetry, the presence of calcific deposition by cells of an osteogenic lineage. As such it is an early stage marker (days 10–16 of in vitro culture) of matrix mineralization, a crucial step towards the formation of calcified extracellular matrix associated with true bone.[ citation needed ]

Alizarin's abilities as a biological stain were first noted in 1567, when it was observed that when fed to animals, it stained their teeth and bones red. The chemical is now commonly used in medical studies involving calcium. Free (ionic) calcium forms precipitates with alizarin, and tissue block containing calcium stain red immediately when immersed in alizarin. Thus, both pure calcium and calcium in bones and other tissues can be stained. These alizarin-stained elements can be better visualized under fluorescent lights, excited by 440–460 nm. [18] The process of staining calcium with alizarin works best when conducted in acidic solution (in many labs, it works better in pH 4.1 to 4.3). [19]

In clinical practice, it is used to stain synovial fluid to assess for basic calcium phosphate crystals. [20] Alizarin has also been used in studies involving bone growth, osteoporosis, bone marrow, calcium deposits in the vascular system, cellular signaling, gene expression, tissue engineering, and mesenchymal stem cells. [19]

In geology, it is used as a stain to differentiate the calcium carbonate minerals, especially calcite and aragonite in thin section or polished surfaces. [21] [22]

Madder lake had been in use as a red pigment in paintings since antiquity. [23]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dye</span> Soluble chemical substance or natural material which can impart color to other materials

A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.

<i>Rubia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae

Rubia is the type genus of the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants, which also contains coffee. It contains around 80 species of perennial scrambling or climbing herbs and subshrubs native to the Old World. The genus and its best-known species are commonly known as madder, e.g. Rubia tinctorum, Rubia peregrina, and Rubia cordifolia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Graebe</span> German chemsit (1841–1927)

Carl Graebe was a German industrial and academic chemist from Frankfurt am Main who held professorships in his field at Leipzig, Königsberg, and Geneva. He is known for the first synthesis of the economically important dye, alizarin, with Liebermann, and for contributing to the fundamental nomenclature of organic chemistry.

A lake pigment is a pigment made by precipitating a dye with an inert binder, or mordant, usually a metallic salt. Unlike vermilion, ultramarine, and other pigments made from ground minerals, lake pigments are organic. Manufacturers and suppliers to artists and industry frequently omit the lake designation in the name. Many lake pigments are fugitive because the dyes involved are not lightfast. Red lakes were particularly important in Renaissance and Baroque paintings; they were often used as translucent glazes to portray the colors of rich fabrics and draperies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heinrich Caro</span> German chemist (1834–1910)

Heinrich Caro, was a German Jewish chemist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone</span> Chemical compound

1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, commonly called purpurin, is an anthraquinone. It is a naturally occurring red/yellow dye. It is formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacement of three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthraquinones</span>

For the parent molecule 9,10-anthraquinone, see anthraquinone

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Schunck</span> British chemist (1820–1903)

Henry Edward Schunck, also known as Edward von Schunck, was a British chemist who did much work with dyes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose madder</span> Red paint made from the madder plant

Rose madder is a red paint made from the pigment madder lake, a traditional lake pigment extracted from the common madder plant Rubia tinctorum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Jean Robiquet</span> French chemist

Pierre Jean Robiquet was a French chemist. He laid founding work in identifying amino acids, the fundamental building blocks of proteins. He did this through recognizing the first of them, asparagine, in 1806, in the industry's adoption of industrial dyes, with the identification of alizarin in 1826, and in the emergence of modern medications, through the identification of codeine in 1832, an opiate alkaloid substance of widespread use with analgesic and antidiarrheal properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Theodore Liebermann</span> German chemist (1842–1914)

Carl Theodore Liebermann was a German chemist and student of Adolf von Baeyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone</span> Chemical compound

1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called purpuroxanthin or xanthopurpurin, is an organic compound with formula C
14H
8O
4 that occurs in the plant Rubia cordifolia. It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers. Its molecular structure can be viewed as being derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms (H) by hydroxyl groups (-OH).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone</span> Chemical compound

1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called quinizarin or Solvent Orange 86, is an organic compound derived from anthroquinone. Quinizarin is an orange or red-brown crystalline powder. It is formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers and occurs in small amounts in the root of the madder plant, Rubia tinctorum.

<i>Rubia tinctorum</i> Species of flowering plant (rose madder)

Rubia tinctorum, the rose madder or common madder or dyer's madder, is a herbaceous perennial plant species belonging to the bedstraw and coffee family Rubiaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthraquinone dyes</span>

Anthraquinone dyes are an abundant group of dyes comprising a anthraquinone unit as the shared structural element. Anthraquinone itself is colourless, but red to blue dyes are obtained by introducing electron donor groups such as hydroxy or amino groups in the 1-, 4-, 5- or 8-position. Anthraquinone dyestuffs are structurally related to indigo dyestuffs and are classified together with these in the group of carbonyl dyes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural dye</span> Dye extracted from plant or animal sources

Natural dyes are dyes or colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals. The majority of natural dyes are vegetable dyes from plant sources—roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood—and other biological sources such as fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary of dyeing terms</span>

Dyeing is the craft of imparting colors to textiles in loose fiber, yarn, cloth or garment form by treatment with a dye. Archaeologists have found evidence of textile dyeing with natural dyes dating back to the Neolithic period. In China, dyeing with plants, barks and insects has been traced back more than 5,000 years. Natural insect dyes such as Tyrian purple and kermes and plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo and madder were important elements of the economies of Asia and Europe until the discovery of man-made synthetic dyes in the mid-19th century. Synthetic dyes quickly superseded natural dyes for the large-scale commercial textile production enabled by the industrial revolution, but natural dyes remained in use by traditional cultures around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alizarin Red S</span> Chemical compound and histologic dye

Alizarin Red S is a water-soluble sodium salt of Alizarin sulfonic acid with a chemical formula of C
14H
7NaO
7S. Alizarin Red S was discovered by Graebe and Libermann in 1871. In the field of histology alizarin Red S is used to stain calcium deposits in tissues, and in geology to stain and differentiate carbonate minerals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synthetic colorant</span>


A colorant is any substance that changes the spectral transmittance or reflectance of a material. Synthetic colorants are those created in a laboratory or industrial setting. The production and improvement of colorants was a driver of the early synthetic chemical industry, in fact many of today's largest chemical producers started as dye-works in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, including Bayer AG(1863). Synthetics are extremely attractive for industrial and aesthetic purposes as they have they often achieve higher intensity and color fastness than comparable natural pigments and dyes used since ancient times. Market viable large scale production of dyes occurred nearly simultaneously in the early major producing countries Britain (1857), France (1858), Germany (1858), and Switzerland (1859), and expansion of associated chemical industries followed. The mid-nineteenth century through WWII saw an incredible expansion of the variety and scale of manufacture of synthetic colorants. Synthetic colorants quickly became ubiquitous in everyday life, from clothing to food. This stems from the invention of industrial research and development laboratories in the 1870s, and the new awareness of empirical chemical formulas as targets for synthesis by academic chemists. The dye industry became one of the first instances where directed scientific research lead to new products, and the first where this occurred regularly.

References

  1. 1 2 Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.10. ISBN   9781498754293.
  2. ↑ SigmaAldrich Catalog: Alizarin
  3. 1 2 The primary madder species from which alizarin historically has been obtained is Rubia tinctorum . See also Vankar, P. S.; Shanker, R.; Mahanta, D.; Tiwari, S. C. (2008). "Ecofriendly Sonicator Dyeing of Cotton with Rubia cordifolia Linn. Using Biomordant". Dyes and Pigments. 76 (1): 207–212. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.08.023.
  4. 1 2 Bien, H.-S.; Stawitz, J.; Wunderlich, K. "Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_355.
  5. ↑ Pfister, R. (December 1937). "Les Textiles du Tombeau de Toutankhamon" [Textiles of Tutankhamun's Tomb]. Revue des arts asiatiques (in French). 11 (4): 209. JSTOR   43475067 . Retrieved February 13, 2021.
  6. ↑ Farnsworth, Marie (July 1951). "Second Century B. C. Rose Madder from Corinth and Athens" . American Journal of Archaeology. 55 (3): 236–239. doi:10.2307/500972. JSTOR   500972 . Retrieved February 13, 2021.
  7. ↑ Many examples of the use of the word "madder", meaning the roots of the plant Rubia tinctorum used as a dye, are given in the Middle English Dictionary, a dictionary of late medieval English.
  8. ↑ Lowengard, S. (2006). "Industry and Ideas: Turkey Red". The Creation of Color in 18th Century Europe. Gutenberg-E.org. ISBN   9780231503693. Additional 18th century history at "Turkey Red Dyeing in Blackley - The Delaunay Dyeworks". ColorantsInHistory.org.
  9. ↑ George Field's notes are held at the Courtauld Institute of Art. See "FIELD, George (?1777–1854)". Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  10. ↑ Thompson, D. V. (1956). The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting . Dover. pp.  115–124. ISBN   978-0-486-20327-0.
  11. ↑ See:
  12. ↑ Note:
    • In 1868, Graebe and Liebermann showed that alizarin can be converted into anthracene. See: C. Graebe and C. Liebermann (1868) "Ueber Alizarin, und Anthracen" (On alizarin and anthracene), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1 : 49–51.
    • In 1869, Graebe and Liebermann announced that they had succeeded in transforming anthracene into alizarin. See: C. Graebe and C. Liebermann (1869) "Ueber künstliche Bildung von Alizarin" (On the artificial formation of alizarin), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 2 : 14.
    • For Graebe and Liebermann's original process for making alizarin from anthracene, see: Charles Graebe and Charles Liebermann, "Improved process of preparing alizarine," U.S. Patent no. 95,465 (issued: October 5, 1869). (See also their English patent, no. 3,850, issued December 18, 1868.)
    • A more efficient process for making alizarin from anthracene was developed by Caro, Graebe and Liebermann in 1870. See: H. Caro, C. Graebe, and C. Liebermann (1870) "Ueber Fabrikation von künstlichem Alizarin" (On the manufacture of artificial alizarin), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 3 : 359–360.
  13. ↑ "History The Early Years (1863–1881)". Bayer AG. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  14. ↑ Brönner, J.; Gutzkow, H. (1871). "Verfahren zur Darstellung von Anthracen aus dem Pech von Steinkohlentheer, und zur Darstellung von Farbstoffen aus Anthracen" [Process for Preparing Anthracene from Coal-Tar Pitch, and Preparation of Dye-Stuffs from Anthracene]. Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal (in German). 201: 545–546.
  15. ↑ Graebe, C.; Liebermann, C. (1869). "Ueber künstliches Alizarin". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 2 (1): 332–334. doi:10.1002/cber.186900201141. ISSN   0365-9496. S2CID   96340805.
  16. ↑ Bigelow, L. A.; Reynolds, H. H. (1926). "Quinizarin". Org. Synth. 6: 78. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.006.0078.
  17. ↑ Meloan, S. N.; Puchtler, H.; Valentine, L. S. (1972). "Alkaline and Acid Alizarin Red S Stains for Alkali-Soluble and Alkali-Insoluble Calcium Deposits". Archives of Pathology. 93 (3): 190–197. PMID   4110754.
  18. ↑ Smith, W. Leo; Buck, Chesney A.; Ornay, Gregory S.; Davis, Matthew P.; Martin, Rene P.; Gibson, Sarah Z.; Girard, Matthew G. (2018-08-20). "Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens". Copeia. 106 (3): 427–435. doi: 10.1643/cg-18-047 . ISSN   0045-8511.
  19. 1 2 Puchtler, H.; Meloan, S. N.; Terry, M. S. (1969). "On the History and Mechanism of Alizarin Red S Stains for Calcium". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 17 (2): 110–124. doi: 10.1177/17.2.110 . PMID   4179464.
  20. ↑ Paul, H.; Reginato, A. J.; Schumacher, H. R. (1983). "Alizarin Red S Staining as a Screening Test to Detect Calcium Compounds in Synovial Fluid". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 26 (2): 191–200. doi: 10.1002/art.1780260211 . PMID   6186260.
  21. ↑ Green, O. R. (2001). A Manual of Practical Laboratory and Field Techniques in Palaeobiology. Springer. p. 56. ISBN   978-0-412-58980-5.
  22. ↑ Dickson, J. A. D. (1966). "Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 36 (4): 491–505. doi:10.1306/74D714F6-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
  23. ↑ Schweppe, H., and Winter, J. Madder and Alizarin in Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol 3: E.W. Fitzhugh (Ed.) Oxford University Press 1997, p. 111 – 112
  24. ↑ Smith, W. Leo; Buck, Chesney A.; Ornay, Gregory S.; Davis, Matthew P.; Martin, Rene P.; Gibson, Sarah Z.; Girard, Matthew G. (2018-08-20). "Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens". Copeia. 106 (3): 427–435. doi:10.1643/cg-18-047. ISSN   0045-8511. S2CID   91688529.

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