EST and The Forum in popular culture

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Leonard Maltin praised Burt Reynolds's charm in Semi-Tough, a film that parodied est. Burt Reynolds 1991 portrait crop.jpg
Leonard Maltin praised Burt Reynolds 's charm in Semi-Tough , a film that parodied est .

Werner Erhard and his courses have been referenced in popular culture in various forms of fictional media including literature, film, television and theatre. The original course, known as est, was delivered by the company Erhard Seminars Training (est). Under the name The Forum, they were delivered by Werner Erhard and Associates. Also, the Landmark Forum, a program created by Erhard's former employees after purchasing his intellectual property, has had an influence on popular culture. Some of these works have taken a comedic tack, parodying Erhard and satirizing the methodology used in these courses.

Contents

Both est and The Forum have been depicted more often in film and television than in literary works. The 1977 film Semi-Tough satirized Erhard and the est Training, through the fictional "Bismark Earthwalk Action Training," in which Bert Convy portrayed a character said to have been a parody of Erhard. Diana Ross and Joel Schumacher, who had both taken the est training, incorporated Werner Erhard's teachings into the 1978 musical film, The Wiz . The 1990 film The Spirit of '76 also parodied est, with Rob Reiner portraying a trainer for the est-like "Be, Inc. Seminars." Movie critics have also drawn parallels to est and Werner Erhard, in reviews of the films Fight Club and Magnolia . Werner Erhard's training programs have been parodied in television. The 1979 episode of Mork & Mindy , "Mork Goes Erk", and the 2002 episode of Six Feet Under , "The Plan", are the most notable. In the Mork & Mindy episode, the Erhard parody character was played by David Letterman.

Madison, Wisconsin's Broom Street Theater produced a play about Werner Erhard and The Forum in 1995, called Devil In Paradise, The Fall and Rise of Werner Erhard. This piece presented a fictionalized version of controversial issues surrounding Erhard.

The third and fourth season of the FX series The Americans contains a story line in which several recurring characters attend the est Training in or near Washington, DC. In a recreation of the est Training, the lead character and Russian spy, Phillip, begins to confront his past and to question his purpose.

Background

The est Training was a two-weekend, 60-hour course offered from late 1971 to late 1984. The purpose of the seminar was "to transform one's ability to experience living so that the situations one had been trying to change or had been putting up with, clear up just in the process of life itself." [1] It "brought to the forefront the ideas of transformation, personal responsibility, accountability, and possibility." [2]

Music

John Denver wrote the song "Looking for Space" which was dedicated to Erhard, and became a theme song for est.

R.E.M. briefly referenced the est Training in their song "Country Feedback."

Fiction

est and successors in literature

Depictions of est and The Forum in literature have dealt with direct references to these trainings, through such books as Werner Erhard, The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est, by W.W. Bartley, III; 60 Hours that Transform Your Life, by Adelaide Bry; Getting It: The Psychology of est, by Sheridan Fenwick, est: Making Life Work, by Robert Hargrove; The est Experience by James Kettle; and The Book of est by Luke Rhinehart.

est was parodied in the March 1980 issue of the Marvel Comics Howard the Duck series, titled: "The Dreadcliff Cuckoos". [3] In "The Dreadcliff Cuckoos", the character "Werner Blowhard" heads the organization "Bozoes Eagerly Serving Tyrants", abbreviated B.E.S.T. [3] In his first appearance in the comic, Blowhard states "I've got It, Have you got It?". [3] The "Werner Blowhard" character was later referenced in D. Keith Mano's 1982 novel, Take Five. [4]

In Pressure Points, a 2001 novel by Larry Brooks, one of the book's protagonists asserts that the programs developed by Werner Erhard, William Penn Patrick, and Alexander Everett all came from the same source. [5] The Program , a 2004 novel by Hurwitz, quotes Erhard prior to the opening of the prologue. [6]

Film

1970s

est advocate Valerie Harper contacted Bert Convy on behalf of Werner Erhard during the filming of Semi-Tough. Valerie harper.jpg
est advocate Valerie Harper contacted Bert Convy on behalf of Werner Erhard during the filming of Semi-Tough .

Werner Erhard and his est Training programs and later The Forum have been parodied in films, both directly and through more subtle references. Still in other films that did not directly intend to parody the subject matter, other reviewers have found elements of the est movement as applied to the genre of fictional self-help films. The 1977 movie Semi-Tough , starring Burt Reynolds, parodied the est training. [8] Bert Convy played "Friedrich Bismark," a caricature of Werner Erhard. Bismark's organization and its training went by the name "B.E.A.T.", which stands for: "Bismark Earthwalk Action Training." In real life, Erhard had a Mercedes Benz with a llicense plate that said "SO WUT", in the film, Bismark rode in a limousine that said: "BEAT IT". A form of Rolfing was also parodied in the film, and Lotte Lenya's character "Clara Pelf", called PELFING", was described as: "a Rolf like masseuse." [7] The press caught on to this satire of Erhard in the film, and gave these sections of the film positive reviews. The Wall Street Journal did not give an overall positive review, but did appreciate the portions where Werner Erhard was parodied: "The movie isn't much - an erratic ramble - But it has some pleasant moments, and a delicious send-up of The self-improvement guru Werner Erhard." [9] The Charlotte Observer praised Bert Convy's portrayal of the self-help guru Frederick Bismark, writing: "Bert Convy is a hilariously smug consciousness-raiser with a more than passing resemblance to est's Werner Erhard." [10] After the film's release, Bert Convy appeared on The Tonight Show and discussed his experiences when he attended an est training seminar in preparation for his role as Frederick Bismark. During actual filming on Semi-Tough, Convy received a late-night phone call from actress Valerie Harper, known in Hollywood as a devoted student of Werner Erhard. She related to Convy that Erhard was "pleased" with the role, and she wished him success in the film. However, Convy suspected that her real reason for calling was to subtly pressure him to go easy on his parody of Erhard in the film. [7] However, several EST graduates shunned the film for making fun of the training, its methods, its philosophy, as well as Werner Erhard, himself.

est student Diana Ross worked some of Werner Erhard's teachings into the film version of The Wiz. DianaRoss.jpg
est student Diana Ross worked some of Werner Erhard's teachings into the film version of The Wiz .

The Grove Book of Hollywood wrote that the 1978 film, The Wiz was influenced by Werner Erhard's teachings and est because actress Diana Ross and writer Joel Schumacher were "very enamored of Werner Erhard." [7] The film's producer Rob Cohen noted that: "before I knew it, the movie was becoming an est-ian fable full of est buzzwords about knowing who you are and sharing and all that. I hated the script a lot. But it was hard to argue with Diana because she was recognizing in this script all of this stuff that she had worked out in est seminars." [7] Schumacher spoke positively of the results of the est training, saying: "I will be eternally grateful for learning that I was responsible for my life." [7] Of est and Erhard references in the film itself, The Grove Book of Hollywood notes that the speech delivered by the Good Witch, played by actress Lena Horne, at the end of the film was "a litany of est-like platitudes," and the book also makes est comparisons to the song "Believe in Yourself." [7]

In the 1979 film Manhattan , Woody Allen's character Isaac Davis says of his first wife, "She was a kindergarten teacher, then she got into drugs and moved to San Francisco. She went to est, became a Moonie. She works for the William Morris Agency now.".

1980s

Circle of Power , also known as Mystique, Brainwash and The Naked Weekend, is a 1981 film, co-produced by Gary Mehlman, Anthony Quinn and Jeffrey White, and based on the non-fiction book The Pit: A Group Encounter Defiled . It stars Yvette Mimieux in her final film performance.

1990s

Rob Reiner portrayed "Dr. Cash", a parody of Werner Erhard, in the 1990 film The Spirit of '76. Rob Reiner at the 1988 Emmy Awards cropped.jpg
Rob Reiner portrayed "Dr. Cash", a parody of Werner Erhard, in the 1990 film The Spirit of '76 .

In the 1990 film The Spirit of '76 , Rob Reiner plays "Dr. Hedley Cash" (referred to only as "Dr. Cash" in the film), an abusive trainer for the est-like "Be, Inc. Seminars" who traps time-traveler Heinz-57 (played by Geoff Hoyle) in one of his seminars and continually refers to him as "Heinz Asshole". [12] In the DVD commentary for the 2003 release of the film, director Lucas Reiner stated that the "Absentee, oblivious, self-involved parents who don't notice their kids have a spaceship" was a reference to the self-involved nature of adults during the 1970s and their propensity for self-improvement. [11] Reiner stated that these scenes were meant to symbolize the "'70s hunger for self-improvement" and the extreme ends that people would go to in order to improve themselves. Lucas Reiner had never personally attended one of Werner Erhard's seminars, but had heard that attendants were not allowed to leave, often peed in their pants, and were called "assholes" and insulted publicly. Reiner noted that once his brother Carl put on the "Dr. Cash" costume, he played his character perfectly. [11]

Heavyweights , a 1995 comedy film, portrays a fat camp for kids that is taken over by fitness guru Tony Perkis, played by Ben Stiller. In a review of the film in The Washington Post , Hal Hinson compared Stiller's portrayal of the Perkis character to Erhard, and called him "the Werner Erhard of slide aerobics". [13]

Fight Club author Chuck Palahniuk's work was influenced by his experiences in the Landmark Forum. Chuck Palahniuk on tour.png
Fight Club author Chuck Palahniuk's work was influenced by his experiences in the Landmark Forum.

Fight Club author Chuck Palahniuk was a graduate of The Landmark Forum, or "The Forum" for short, and this later influenced his work. [14] [15] [16] In his review of the 1999 film adaptation of the book, Roger Ebert likened the character Tyler Durden to Werner Erhard. [17] Ebert wrote that Tyler Durden was: "...a bully--Werner Erhard plus S & M, a leather club operator without the decor." [17] Fight Club film producer Ross Grayson Bell believes that his "creative synchronicity" with writer Palahniuk was due to their shared experience of attending The Forum. [14]

In the 1999 film Magnolia , Tom Cruise played a motivational guru named Frank T.J. Mackey, who was the author of a self-help book called Seduce and Destroy. This work was meant to teach men how to get women to sleep with them. The Frank T.J. Mackey character in the film has been likened to: "a sort of pop-TV blend of Werner Erhard and Bob Guccione, strutting around a stage with cocksure arrogance, indoctrinating his acolytes in the arts of machismo and seduction". [18] The Frank T.J. Mackey character has also been compared to another motivational trainer influenced by Erhard, in Details Magazine . [19]

Television

Mork & Mindy

David Letterman portrayed a parody of Werner Erhard in an episode of Mork & Mindy called "Mork Goes Erk." Davidlettermannavy.jpg
David Letterman portrayed a parody of Werner Erhard in an episode of Mork & Mindy called "Mork Goes Erk."

Parody and satire of est and The Forum in television has taken a more direct approach than in literature and film. Characters have been shown attending seminars, and having negative outcomes as a result. Mork & Mindy dealt with this in a lighter fashion, dealing with a small introduction of individuals to the training in a home environment, in season one, episode seventeen: "Mork Goes Erk." [21] In the episode, David Letterman portrayed an Erhard-like character by the name of "Ellsworth" offering ERK or Ellsworth Revitalization Konditioning. [20] In a 1982 article in the journal Theory & Society, Lewis & Clark College sociology professor Robert Goldman compared and contrasted Letterman's "Ellsworth" character and his training program to that of Werner Erhard. Goldman noted that the episode spent time: "lampooning Werner Erhard and est-like commercial pop psychologies." However, Goldman went on to note that the inherent problem with "Ellsworth Revitalization Konditioning" was not the training - but Ellsworth himself. Ellsworth is seen not just as a parody of Werner Erhard, but also of consumerism: "As the self-help entrepreneur, Ellsworth is portrayed as a walking collection of lifestyle-status points and sign-values ("I've got my Rolls-Royce!"). Conspicuous consumption and commodity fetishism define his personality." Goldman explained that the Mork and Mindy episode succeeded in distinguishing between criticism of the Ellsworth training, and criticism of Ellsworth, citing Ellsworth's character traits of: "tyranny, selfishness, open greed, and flaunting of the accoutrements of his vulgar money-making." In the end of the segment of the episode parodying est, Mork wins out over the Ellsworth philosophy by instead calling to mind universal humanistic moral values. [20] David Letterman received positive praise for his portrayal of "Ellsworth" in the episode. [22] [23] [24]

Six Feet Under

Alice Krige portrayed a seminar leader of "The Plan" (a parody on "The Forum") in the 2002 Six Feet Under episode, "The Plan". Alice Krige 2006.jpg
Alice Krige portrayed a seminar leader of "The Plan" (a parody on "The Forum") in the 2002 Six Feet Under episode, "The Plan".

Six Feet Under Episode 16, of Season 2, "The Plan", featured a seminar-delivery organization called "The Plan", which the character Claire Fisher immediately compared to est. Actress Alice Krige portrays "Alma" the seminar leader of "The Plan" - who uses jargon related to the "blueprint" for building a house in order to convey concepts about self-improvement. She singles out the character Ruth and berates her for "tiptoeing around her own house like she's afraid of waking someone up." Ruth begins to use jargon from the course in her conversations with family, and complains to her daughter that she cannot yet go to sleep after coming home from her seminar because she must first do "homework" from the course. This homework includes writing a letter to her dead mother forgiving her for "all the terrible things she did to me", and writing a letter to herself, describing how she will "renovate" her life. During the following day of "The Plan", the seminar leader gives the group a new assignment: to go outside to ready banks of phones, and call their family members to inform them of specifically how they wish to "renovate their homes" together. In the seminar, the leader asks everyone to close their eyes and imagine that everyone else is laughing at them for being stupid, and then asks the participants if they get the joke. Everyone does, except Ruth, who rants at the course instructor. After her rant, the leader congratulates her for "knocking down her old house", and proceeds to tell her that now she can rebuild a new house. [26]

Analysis in secondary sources and books on Six Feet Under have compared the training in "The Plan" to the current incarnation of Erhard's trainings, Landmark Education. [27] Reading Six Feet Under: TV to Die For by Akass et al. have compared "The Plan" to est and The Forum. [25] Akass cites the episode while analyzing the phenomenon of self-improvement, and notes that: "Repairing her shingles often leaves Ruth in shackles." [25] She writes that: "the series performs the logic of self-help, both its silly and seductive sides." [25] However, she also points out that Ruth's rant at the end of her seminar is cathartic for Ruth, and she ends her analysis of the episode by asking: "So, what do we make of our times when all this supposed nonsense actually works?" [25]

The Americans

The third and fourth season of the FX series The Americans contains a story line in which several recurring characters attend the est Training in or near Washington, DC. [28] In a recreation of the est Training, the lead character and Russian spy, Phillip, begins to confront his past and to question his purpose. [29] The first episode to include the est Training was aired on January 28, 2015 and titled "Est Men" can came in episode 27 at the beginning of season 3 in which two of the main characters, Phillip, a Russian spy meets Stan, an FBI agent at an est seminar.

Theatre

In 2008, Climate Theater in San Francisco, California showed a play called The Group, written by Robert Quillen Camp and performed by Ryan Eggensperger, and inspired, according to Climate "by the largely American tradition of packaging and selling self-empowerment, from est and the Landmark Forum to Norman Vincent Peale and The Secret". [30] The play is an immersive performance piece [31] where audience members sit in a circle and wear audio headsets, through which they listen to the charismatic leader's voice and sound effects. [32] The production ran from May 29, 2008 to June 14, 2008. [30]

Robert Avila of the San Francisco Bay Guardian called The Group: "in-your-face comedy in a droll send-up of est-like self-actualization programs," and a spoof of "recent incarnations" including The Secret and Landmark Forum. [33] Avila gave the play a positive review, noting its "inspired writing, sharp humor, and simple yet slick production". [33] In a review of the play for the San Jose Mercury News , Karen D'Souza wrote: From est to 'The Secret,' this is a playful lampoon of 'healing philosophies'". [34] D'Souza also reviewed the play positively, writing: " Writer-director Robert Quillen Camp slyly pokes fun at reducing the human experience to one-size-fits-all platitudes and besmirching belief systems with "cash-only" workshops." [34] Pat Craig wrote in Contra Costa Times : "After a lifetime of enduring various human potential programs, from the chanted mantras of transcendental meditation to the institutionalized loathing of est, 'The Group' seems a bit tame for satire to a veteran of the high-profit mind games." [35] In a review for the San Francisco Examiner , Leslie Katz said, "In the end, the show provides excellent therapy. As those who aren't swayed by expensive self-help seminars know, laughter is indeed the best medicine." [36]

See also

Related Research Articles

Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. was an organization founded by Werner Erhard in 1971 that offered a two-weekend course known officially as "The est Standard Training". The purpose of the training is to help one to recognize that the situations, which seem to be holding them back in life, are working themselves out within the process of life itself. The seminar aimed to "transform one's ability to experience living so that the situations one had been trying to change or had been putting up with clear up just in the process of life itself".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Werner Erhard</span> American author, lecturer, founder "est"

Werner Hans Erhard is an American lecturer known for founding est. In 1985, he replaced the est Training with a newly designed program, the Forum. Since 1991, the Forum has been kept up to date and offered by Landmark Education. Erhard has written, lectured, and taught on self-improvement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landmark Worldwide</span> Company offering personal development programs

Landmark Worldwide, or simply Landmark, is an American employee-owned for-profit company that offers personal-development programs, with their most-known being the Landmark Forum.

The term large-group awareness training (LGAT) refers to activities - usually offered by groups with links to the human potential movement - which claim to increase self-awareness and to bring about desirable transformations in individuals' personal lives. LGATs are unconventional; they often take place over several days, and may compromise participants' mental wellbeing.

Werner Erhard and Associates, also known as WE&A or as WEA, operated as a commercial entity from February 1981 until early 1991. It replaced Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. as the vehicle for delivering the est training, and offered what some people refer to as personal and professional development programs. Initially WE&A marketed and staged the est training, but in 1984 the est training was replaced by WE&A with a more modern, briefer, more rigorous and more philosophical program - based on Werner Erhard's teachings and called "The Forum".

<i>Mork & Mindy</i> American television sitcom (1978–1982)

Mork & Mindy is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from September 14, 1978, to May 27, 1982. A spin-off after a highly successful episode of Happy Days, "My Favorite Orkan", it starred Robin Williams as Mork, an extraterrestrial who comes to Earth from the planet Ork, and Pam Dawber as Mindy McConnell, his human friend, roommate, and eventual love interest.

<i>Semi-Tough</i> 1977 US sports comedy film by Michael Ritchie

Semi-Tough is a 1977 American sports comedy film directed by Michael Ritchie and starring Burt Reynolds, Kris Kristofferson, Jill Clayburgh, Robert Preston, Lotte Lenya, and Bert Convy. It is set in the world of American professional football.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bert Convy</span> American actor, singer, game show panelist and host (1933–1991)

Bernard Whalen "Bert" Convy was an American actor, singer, game-show panelist, and host known for Tattletales, Super Password, and Win, Lose or Draw.

Joan Holmes is an American psychologist. She was the founding president of The Hunger Project, and served as one of 31 members on 'Task Force 2 on Hunger' of the UN Millennium Project of 2000–2006. She worked as a consulting educational psychologist for Erhard Seminars Training (est) prior to establishing The Hunger Project in 1977.

<i>Outrageous Betrayal</i> Book by Steven Pressman

Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States.

<i>Werner Erhard</i> (book) Book by W.W. Bartley, III

Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est is a biography of Werner Erhard by philosophy professor William Warren Bartley, III. The book was published in 1978 by Clarkson Potter. Bartley was professor of philosophy at California State University and had studied with philosopher Karl Popper. He was the author of several books on philosophy, including a biography about Ludwig Wittgenstein. Erhard wrote a foreword to the book. The book's structure describes Erhard's education, transformation, reconnection with his family, and the theories of the est training.

<i>Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training</i>

Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training: A Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Effects is a non-fiction psychology book on Large Group Awareness Training, published in 1990 by Springer-Verlag. The book was co-authored by psychologists Jeffrey D. Fisher, Roxane Cohen Silver, Jack M. Chinsky, Barry Goff, and Yechiel Klar. The book was based on a psychological study of "The Forum", a course at the time run by Werner Erhard and Associates. Results of the study were published in two articles in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 1989 and 1990. Fisher and co-authors gave initial context for the study, providing analysis and discussion of academic literature in psychology regarding Large Group Awareness Training.

<i>Est: Playing the Game</i>

est: Playing the Game the New Way is a non-fiction book by Carl Frederick, first published in 1976, by Delacorte Press, New York. The book describes in words the basic message of Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminars Training (est) theatrical experience. Erhard/est sued in federal court in the United States to stop the book from publication, but the suit failed. The book takes a 'trainer's' approach to the est experience, in that it essentially duplicates the est training, citing examples and using jargon from the actual experience.

The Plan (<i>Six Feet Under</i>) 3rd episode of the 2nd season of Six Feet Under

"The Plan" is the third episode of the second season of the American drama television series Six Feet Under, and the 16th episode overall. Written by Kate Robin and directed by Rose Troche, the episode originally aired on HBO on March 17, 2002. The episode features a parody of the program used by est and The Forum.

Alexander Everett (1921–2005) was a British self-improvement and personal development consultant. He was the founder of the company Mind Dynamics, and author of the motivational books The Genius Within You and Inward Bound. Everett's coursework and teachings had an influence on the human potential movement.

"Mork Goes Erk" is the seventeenth episode of the first season of the television sitcom, Mork & Mindy. The episode premiered on ABC February 8, 1979. It was issued on VHS January 1, 1998, as part of a two-episode special release that also included "Mork's First Christmas". It was issued on DVD September 7, 2004, as part of the Mork & Mindy - The Complete First Season boxed set.

<i>Getting It: The Psychology of est</i> Non-fiction book by Sheridan Fenwick

Getting It: The Psychology of est, a non-fiction book by American clinical psychologist Sheridan Fenwick first published in 1976, analyzes Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminars Training or est. Fenwick based the book on her own experience of attending a four-day session of the est training, an intensive 60-hour personal-development course in the self-help genre. Large groups of up to 250 people took the est training at one time.

"Looking for Space" is a popular song written and performed by the American singer-songwriter John Denver. Released as a single from his album Windsong, "Looking for Space" peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1976. On the easy listening chart, the song reached No. 1 to become his seventh to top that chart.

<i>The Book of est</i> Book by George Cockcroft

The Book of est is a fictional account of the training created by Werner Erhard, (est), or Erhard Seminars Training, first published in 1976 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. The book was written by est graduate Luke Rhinehart. Rhinehart is the pen name of writer George Cockcroft. The book was endorsed by Erhard, and includes a foreword by him. Its contents attempts to replicate the experience of the est training, with the reader being put in the place of a participant in the course. The end of the book includes a comparison by the author between Erhard's methodologies to Zen, The Teachings of Don Juan by Carlos Castaneda, and to Rhinehart's own views from The Dice Man.

References

  1. ↑ Getting it – the psychology of est, by Dr. Sheridan Fenwick, p.44
  2. ↑ Hirsch, Deborah (January 20, 2015). "David Wayne Reed gives his characters and his audience a hand in Help Yourself". Pitch Magazine.
  3. 1 2 3 Mantlo, Bill; John Buscema; Klaus Janson (March 1980). "The Dreadcliff Cuckoos: The best things in life are free, right? Especially if by "best" you mean skulduggery, kidnapping, mind-manipulation, torture and murder, all through the graces of B.E.S.T". Stan Lee presents: Howard the Duck . 1 (4). New York City, New York: Marvel Comics Group, Office of Publication: 38–63.
  4. ↑ Mano, D. Keith (1998). Take Five. Dalkey Archive Press. p. 180. ISBN   1-56478-193-3.
  5. ↑ Brooks, Larry (November 29, 2001). Pressure Points. Onyx. p.  77. ISBN   978-0-451-41001-6. ISBN   0-451-41001-7
  6. ↑ Hurwitz, Gregg Andrew (2004). The Program . HarperCollins. p.  176. ISBN   0-06-053040-5.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Silvester, Christopher; Steven Bach (2002). The Grove Book of Hollywood. Grove Press. pp. 555–560. ISBN   0-8021-3878-0.
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  10. ↑ Staff (1987-01-25). "Videos Bring Back Grit, Grime, Romance of Football Movies". The Charlotte Observer . The McClatchy Company.
  11. 1 2 3 Reiner, Lucas (2003). DVD commentary for The Spirit of '76, 2003 edition (DVD). Castle Rock Entertainment, Warner Home Video.
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  13. ↑ Hinson, Hal (February 17, 1995). "Heavyweights". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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  15. ↑ Grigoriadis, Vanessa (July 9, 2001). "Pay Money, Be Happy: For thousands of new yorkers, happiness is a $375, three-day self-help Seminar. Welcome to EST: The Next Generation". New York Magazine .
  16. ↑ Staff (2006-06-25). "Why you will find yourself at the Forum". Daily Telegraph. News Limited Australia.
  17. 1 2 Ebert, Roger (October 15, 1999). "Review, Fight Club". Chicago Sun-Times .
  18. ↑ Wilmington, Michael (2000-01-06). "Magnolia". Zap2it.com. Tribune Media Services, Inc.
  19. ↑ Burleigh, Nina (October 2000). "Death of a Salesman". Details Magazine .
  20. 1 2 3 Goldman, Robert (May 1982). "Hegemony and Managed Critique in Prime-Time Television: A Critical Reading of "Mork and Mindy"". Theory & Society. 11. Hosted, Lewis & Clark College: 363–388, Part 4. doi:10.1007/BF00211662. S2CID   140808952. Archived from the original on 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  21. ↑ Staff (8 February 1979). ""Mork & Mindy" Mork Goes Erk (1979)". Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  22. ↑ Tobey, Matthew. "Mork & Mindy: Mork Goes Erk". Allmovie . All Media Guide, LLC. Archived from the original on 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  23. ↑ Liebenson, Donald (2004). "Mork & Mindy - The Complete First Season (1978): Amazon.com essential video". Amazon.com . Amazon.com, Inc. pp. Editorial Reviews. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  24. ↑ Staff (November 5, 2004). "Mork & Mindy". Dallas Morning News .
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Akass, Kim; Janet McCabe; Mark Lawson (2005). Reading Six Feet Under: TV to Die For . I.B.Tauris. pp.  96–97. ISBN   1-85043-809-9.
  26. ↑ Staff; Television Without Pity (March 24, 2002). "Six Feet Under, The Plan, Recap". Yahoo! TV . Yahoo! Inc. pp. 1–11. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
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  28. ↑ Abrahms, Natalie. "A history lesson from 'The Americans' By Natalie Abrams Published on January 28, 2015". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  29. ↑ Graham, Ruth (6 April 2016). "The Bizarre True Story of the Group That Seduces Philip in This Season of The Americans". Slate. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  30. 1 2 "The Group". Climate Theater. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  31. ↑ Buzzin' Lee Hartgrave (May 30, 2008). "Have a Little est - Have a Little Norman Vincent Peale or Learn The Secret". BeyondChron. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  32. ↑ Dodds, Richard (May 29, 2008). "Summer stage attractions". Bay Area Reporter . Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  33. 1 2 Avila, Robert (June 4, 2008). "Stage listings". San Francisco Bay Guardian . Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  34. 1 2 D'Souza, Karen (May 30, 2008). "'The Group,' a witty parody of self-help therapy Ryan Eggensperger is cheesily charismatic as leader in memorable world premiere from Robert Quillen Camp". San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  35. ↑ Craig, Pat (June 3, 2008). "Sly 'Group' creeps up on you". Contra Costa Times . Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  36. ↑ Katz, Leslie (May 30, 2008). "Review: When positive thinking goes awry". San Francisco Examiner .{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
Parodies

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