Earl of Clare

Earl of Clare was a title of British nobility created three times: once each in the peerages of England, Great Britain and Ireland.

The title derives from Clare, Suffolk, where a prominent Anglo-Norman family was seated since the Norman Conquest, and from which their English surname sprang from possession of the Honour of Clare. The Norman family who took the name 'de Clare' became associated with the peerage as they held, at differing times, three earldoms (Gloucester, Pembroke and Hertford).

Honour of Clare

The death of the young Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, at the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) entailed the break-up of the Honour of Clare, as he and his young wife were childless and the lands were distributed among three co-heiresses. ^[1] His death marked the end of the great de Clare family. The family lands were worth as much as £6,000, second only to those of the Earl of Lancaster among the nobility of the realm. ^[2]

The lands went into royal wardship while the matter of inheritance was settled. ^[3] By the entail of 1290, the lands could only be inherited by direct descendants of the late earl's father. The late earl's sisters, Eleanor, Margaret (now widowed after the death of Piers Gaveston) and Elizabeth were by 1317 all married to favourites of Edward II: Hugh Despenser the Younger, Hugh de Audley and Roger d'Amory, respectively. ^[4] The three were granted equal parts of the English possessions, but Despenser received the entire lordship of Glamorgan in Wales, politically the most important of the de Clare lands. ^[5]

Possible medieval earls

The "Earl of Clare" was probably not a medieval title. Some contemporary sources called them "Earls of Clare", but many modern historians treat this as if it were a "styled" (self-assumed) title. There was no standardised method of reference to earls in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the Clares were one of a handful referred to as earls in this period without a county mentioned. For example, Gerald of Wales recounts an incident relating to the Earl of Clare, possibly referring to William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester. ^[6] Such references led some older historians to assume the Earls of Gloucester and Hertford also carried the title Earls of Clare. The title, for instance, is given in the original Dictionary of National Biography. ^[7] The confusion probably stems from misinterpretation of references, such as that of "Earl Gilbert de Clare", in which Clare was taken as a title rather than a surname. One view is there was no such title in existence, ^[8] and that the first creation of the title Earl of Clare dates to 1624. ^[9] However, John Burke in 1831 states that prior to the 1624 creation, Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, was to be created Earl of Clare, but that it was refused by the crown lawyers, "on a solemn declaration, that it was a title peculiar to the royal blood and not to be conferred upon a subject." ^[10]

Earl of Clare, first creation (1624)

Arms of Holles, first Earls of Clare: Ermine, two piles in point sable

The title of Earl of Clare was formally created by letters patent in the peerage of England on 2 November 1624 for John Holles. He was first elevated to the peerage as Baron Houghton of Houghton by King James I on 9 July 1616. According to Burke, he was ennobled thanks to the influence of the George Villiers, Viscount Villiers, future Duke of Buckingham, to whom Holles paid £10,000 (equivalent to £1,997,000in 2021). He was created Earl of Clare following an additional payment of £5,000. ^[10]

The fourth earl married Lady Margaret Cavendish, third daughter and co-heir of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, and he inherited the majority of the Duke's estates upon his death in 1691. On 14 May 1694, he was created Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. ^[10]

The fourth earl's only child, Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles, married Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer. Their daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley, who married William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland. ^[10]

The title became extinct upon the death the fourth earl in 1711.

• John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare (1564–1637)
• John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare (1595–1666)
• Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare (1633–1689)
• John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare (1662–1711), created Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1694

Earl of Clare, second creation (1714)

Arms of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, of the second creation, featuring the Holles arms quartered with the Pelham canting arms

The next creation of the Earl of Clare was in the Peerage of Great Britain for Thomas Pelham, nephew and heir of the last earl of the first creation. He had been adopted by his uncle and assumed the arms and surname of Holles. He was a significant statesman during the early Georgian era, and he served as the First Lord of the Treasury, among other roles. ^[10]

He was created Viscount Pelham of Houghton and Earl of Clare on 26 October 1714.

Marquess of Clare (1715)

The following year, on 2 August 1715, he was further created Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle, with remainder to his brother the Rt. Hon. Henry Pelham. In 1756, he was created Duke of Newcastle Under Lyne with remainder to his nephew, Henry Fiennes-Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln. His brother predeceased him, leaving no male heirs, and at his death in 1768, the titles of Earl of Clare and Marquess of Clare again became extinct, but he was succeeded by his nephew as Duke of Newcastle Under Lyne. ^[10]

• Thomas Pelham-Holles, Earl of Clare (1693–1768), created Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle in 1715

Earls of Clare, third creation (1795)

The title was again created, in the peerage of Ireland, in 1795 for John FitzGibbon, 1st Viscount FitzGibbon, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He had already been created Baron FitzGibbon, of Lower Connello in the County of Limerick, in 1789, and Viscount FitzGibbon, of Limerick in the County of Limerick, in 1793. These titles were also in the peerage of Ireland. In 1799 he was made Baron FitzGibbon, of Sidbury in the County of Devon, in the peerage of Great Britain. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He served as Governor of Bombay from 1830 to 1834. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third earl. He represented County Limerick in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick. Lord Clare's only son, John Charles Henry FitzGibbon, styled Viscount FitzGibbon, was killed in action during the Battle of Balaclava where he charged with the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars. On Lord Clare's death in 1864 the peerages became extinct. ^{[11] [12]}

• John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare (1748–1802)
• John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare (1792–1851)
• Richard Hobart FitzGibbon, 3rd Earl of Clare (1793–1864)

v t e Family Tree: Dukes of Newcastle, Earls of Lincoln (8th creation) and Earls of Clare

EARL OF LINCOLN (eighth creation), 1572 Edward Clinton (1512–1585) 1st Earl of Lincoln William Cavendish (c. 1505–1557) Bess of Hardwick (c. 1527–1608) Henry Clinton (1539–1616) 2nd Earl of Lincoln Charles Cavendish (1553–1617) Frances Cavendish (1548–1632) Henry Pierrepont (1546–1615) Earls & Dukes of Devonshire DUKE OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE (first creation), 1665 EARL OF CLARE (first creation, 1624) Thomas Clinton (1568–1619) 3rd Earl of Lincoln Edward Clinton (?) Henry Clinton (1587–1641) William Cavendish (1592–1676) 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Robert Pierrepont (1584–1643) 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull John Holles (1564–1637) 1st Earl of Clare Theophilus Clinton (1600–1667) 4th Earl of Lincoln Francis Clinton (d. c. 1681) William Pierrepont (c. 1607–1678) John Holles (1595–1666) 2nd Earl of Clare Edward Clinton Lord Clinton (1624–1657) Francis Clinton (1635–1693) 6th Earl of Lincoln Norreys Fynes (d. 1693) Henry Cavendish (1630–1691) 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Frances Pierrepont (1630–1695) Grace Pierrepont (1633–1702) Gilbert Holles (1633–1689) 3rd Earl of Clare Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (first creation) extinct, 1691 DUKE OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE (second creation), 1694 Edward Clinton (d. 1692) 5th Earl of Lincoln Norreys Fynes (1651–1736) Margaret Cavendish (1661–1716) John Holles (1662–1711) 4th Earl of Clare Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Grace Holles (c. 1668–1700) Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham (1653–1712) Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (second creation) extinct, 1711 Earldom of Clare extinct, 1711 EARL OF CLARE (second creation, 1714) MARQUESS OF CLARE and DUKE OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE (third creation), 1715 DUKE OF NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYNE, 1756 Kendal Fynes (1692–1740) Henry Clinton (1684–1728) 7th Earl of Lincoln Lucy Pelham (1695–1736) Henry Pelham (1694–1754) Thomas Pelham-Holles (1693–1768) Earl of Clare Marquess of Clare Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (third creation) and Marquessate of Clare extinct, 1768 Earldom of Clare extinct, 1768 DUKE OF NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYNE, 1756 (succeeded by special remainder, 1768) Norreys Fynes (1720–1764) George Clinton (1718–1730) Lord Fynes 8th Earl of Lincoln Henry Pelham-Clinton (1720–1794) 9th Earl of Lincoln 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne Catherine Pelham (1727–1760) EARL OF CLARE (third creation), 1795 John FitzGibbon (1748–1802) 1st Earl of Clare The FitzGibbon Earls of Clare are seemingly unrelated to the Holles family, the previous Earls of Clare. Charles Fynes (later Fynes-Clinton) (1748–1827) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1750–1778) styled Earl of Lincoln Thomas Pelham-Clinton (1752–1795) 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 10th Earl of Lincoln John FitzGibbon (1792–1851) 2nd Earl of Clare Richard Hobart FitzGibbon (1793–1864) 3rd Earl of Clare Clinton James Fynes-Clinton (later Fiennes-Clinton) (1792–1833) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1785–1851) 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 11th Earl of Lincoln Earldom of Clare extinct, 1864 Henry Fiennes-Clinton (1826–1911) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1811–1864) 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 12th Earl of Lincoln Charles Pelham-Clinton (1813–1894) Charles Edward Fiennes-Clinton (1855–1888) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1834–1879) 6th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 13th Earl of Lincoln Charles Pelham-Clinton (1857–1911) Edward Henry Fiennes-Clinton (1886–1916) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1864–1928) 7th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 14th Earl of Lincoln Francis Pelham-Clinton-Hope (1866–1941) 8th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 15th Earl of Lincoln Guy Pelham-Clinton (1894–1934) Edward Horace Fiennes-Clinton (1913–2001) 18th Earl of Lincoln Henry Pelham-Clinton-Hope (1907–1988) 9th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 16th Earl of Lincoln Edward Pelham-Clinton (1920–1988) 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 17th Earl of Lincoln Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne extinct, 1988 Edward Gordon Fiennes-Clinton (1943–1999) Lord Fynes Robert Edward Fiennes-Clinton (b. 1972) 19th Earl of Lincoln William James Fiennes-Clinton (b. 1980) Heir presumptive Jordan Ryder Howson (b. 2004) Heir presumtive's heir apparent

See also

• Viscount Clare
• Earl of Clarence
• de Clare

References

1. May McKisack, The Fourteenth Century (Oxford History of England) 1959:40.
2. J.R. Maddicot, (1970). Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1970:22f).
3. Michael Brown, Bannockburn: The Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307–1323. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2008:145f).
4. Maddicott 1970:193.
5. Brown 2008:159f.
6. Gerald of Wales, The Journey through Wales, trans. Lewis Thorpe (Penguin Classics, 1978), p. 142.
7. Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). "Clare, Richard de (1222-1262)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 10. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 393.
8. For example, Michael Altschul, ‘Clare, Richard de, sixth earl of Gloucester and fifth earl of Hertford (1222–1262)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 , accessed 23 Oct 2009.
9. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, Reissued by READ Books, 2008 ISBN   978-1-4437-5719-5
10. Burke, John (1831). A Heneral and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant, and in Abeyance. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. pp. 270–272. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
11. ThePeerage.com
12. Dutton, Roy Forgotten Heroes: The Charge of the Light Brigade p 98