Epicharis parasitica

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Yellow mahogany
Dysoxylum parasiticum Mount Hypipamee Crater Atherton Tableland Queensland 1987 IGA 29 3 2018 6 10 32 139b.tif
Flowering at Mount Hypipamee National Park, November 2022
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Epicharis
Species:
E. parasitica
Binomial name
Epicharis parasitica
Dysoxylum-parasiticum-distribution-map.png
Synonyms [2] [3]
46 synonyms
  • Homotypic:
  • Dysoxylum parasiticum(Osbeck) Kosterm.
  • Lansium parasiticum(Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Bennet
  • Melia parasiticaOsbeck
  • Heterotypic:
  • Alliaria caulostachya Kuntze
  • Alliaria ramifloraKuntze
  • Alliaria speciosaKuntze
  • Azedarach ramiflorum Noronha
  • Dysoxylum brachypodum Baker f.
  • Dysoxylum callianthum Merr. & L.M.Perry
  • Dysoxylum caulostachyum Miq.
  • Dysoxylum densevestitum C.T.White
  • Dysoxylum fissumC.T.White & W.D.Francis ex Lane-Poole
  • Dysoxylum leytenseMerr.
  • Dysoxylum loheriMerr.
  • Dysoxylum longicalicinum C.DC.
  • Dysoxylum longiflorumMerr.
  • Dysoxylum longipetalumC.DC.
  • Dysoxylum megalanthum Hemsl.
  • Dysoxylum novoguineeuse Warb.
  • Dysoxylum ramiflorumMiq.
  • Dysoxylum richardianumMerr. & L.M.Perry
  • Dysoxylum robinsoniiMerr.
  • Dysoxylum roemeriC.DC.
  • Dysoxylum rumphiiMerr.
  • Dysoxylum schiffneri F.Muell.
  • Dysoxylum sericeum(Blume) Adelb.
  • Dysoxylum speciosum(A.Juss.) Miq.
  • Epicharis brachypoda(Baker f.) Harms
  • Epicharis calliantha(Merr. & L.M.Perry) Harms
  • Epicharis caulifloraBlume
  • Epicharis caulostachya(Miq.) Harms
  • Epicharis densevestita(C.T.White) Harms
  • Epicharis hyacinthodoraHarms
  • Epicharis leytensis(Merr.) Harms
  • Epicharis loheri(Merr.) Harms
  • Epicharis longicalycina(C.DC.) Harms
  • Epicharis longiflora(Merr.) Harms
  • Epicharis longipetala(C.DC.) Harms
  • Epicharis megalantha(Hemsl.) Harms
  • Epicharis ramiflora(Miq.) Pierre
  • Epicharis robinsonii(Merr.) Harms
  • Epicharis rumphii(Merr.) Harms
  • Epicharis schiffneri(F.Muell.) Harms
  • Epicharis sericeaBlume
  • Guarea cauliflora Reinw. ex Blume
  • Guarea sericea Spreng.

Epicharis parasitica, commonly known as yellow mahogany, is a species of tropical forest tree in the family Meliaceae native to Taiwan, parts of Malesia, Papuasia, and northeast Queensland.

Contents

Description

Epicharis parasitica grows up to 36 m (118 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm (24 in). Buttresses may be present, growing up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall and wide. The bark is yellowish to grey-brown, and smooth to flaky with scattered lenticels. [4] [5] [6]

The compound leaves are arranged spirally on the twigs and measure up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long with up to 19 leaflets. Leaflets are oblong to ovate in shape and up to 19 cm (7.5 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, with about 14 lateral veins each side of the midrib. [4] [5] [6]

The inflorescence is a raceme up to 30 cm (12 in) long, growing from protrusions on the trunk of the tree in a process called cauliflory, or from woody branches (ramiflory). The sweetly scented flowers are white or cream with four petals. The white staminal tube measures about 15 mm (0.59 in) long and 4 mm (0.16 in) wide. [4] [5] [6] [7]

The fruit is a globose red-brown capsule about 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) diameter. It has up to four segments with one seed contained in each. The seeds are about 2 cm (0.79 in) long, brownish-black and with an orange-red sarcotesta. [4] [5] [6] [7]

Taxonomy

This species was first described by the Swedish naturalist Pehr Osbeck as Melia parasitica, and published in 1757 in his book Dagbok ofwer en Ostindisk Resa aren 1750, 1751, 1752. [2] [8] Since then, it had been described more than 40 times by various authors who gave it various names (see synonyms), before it was transferred to the genus Dysoxylum by Indonesian botanist André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans in 1966. [9] Australian populations were known as Dysoxylum schiffneri. [10]

Etymology

The genus name comes from the Latin dys meaning 'bad', and the Ancient Greek xylon meaning 'wood', and refers to the unpleasant smell produced by some species. The species epithet is from the Latin word parasiticus meaning 'parasitic', referring to Osbeck's early mistaken belief that the flowers were parasitic. [4] [7]

Distribution and habitat

The yellow mahogany's natural range includes Taiwan, the Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, East Timor, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands and Queensland. [3] [11] It grows in well developed tropical forests, including those on limestone, at altitudes from sea-level to around 2,100 m (6,900 ft). [4] [10] [12]

Ecology

The flowers are visited by butterflies, an important pollinator of the family. Possums and bats also contribute to the pollination as they climb the trunk of the tree looking for food. [4] [13]

Uses

Epicharis parasitica has potential as a feature tree in parks or gardens in areas with subtropical or tropical climates.

Cultivation

It prefers acid soils with good drainage and dappled sun or part-shade. The species can be propagated by fresh seed. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meliaceae</span> Family of plants commonly known as the Mahogany family

Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs in the order Sapindales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pehr Osbeck</span> Swedish explorer, naturalist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus

Pehr Osbeck was a Swedish explorer, naturalist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus. He was born in the parish of Hålanda on Västergötland and studied at Uppsala with Carolus Linnaeus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cauliflory</span> Botanical term referring to plants that flower from their main stems

Cauliflory is a botanical term referring to plants that flower and fruit from their main stems or woody trunks, rather than from new growth and shoots. It is rare in temperate regions but common in tropical forests.

<i>Dysoxylum</i> Genus of plants in the family Meliaceae

Dysoxylum is a genus of rainforest trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Meliaceae. About 34 species are recognised in the genus, distributed from India and southern China, through southeast Asia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Australia. The name Dysoxylum derives from the Greek word ‘Dys’ meaning "bad" referring to "ill-smelling" and ‘Xylon’ meaning "wood".

<i>Melia</i> (plant) Genus of trees

Melia is a genus of flowering trees in the family Meliaceae. The name is derived from μελία, the Greek name used by Theophrastus for Fraxinus ornus, which has similar leaves.

<i>Didymocheton fraserianus</i> Species of tree

Didymocheton fraserianus, commonly known as rosewood or rose mahogany, is a medium-sized to large tree native to New South Wales and Queensland. It is widely used with the purpose of street design and to provide shade in the eastern suburbs of Sydney. Rosewood ranges from the rainforest around eastern Australia from Bundaberg in Queensland to Wyong in New South Wales. At maturity, it can reach a height of 57 metres (200 ft). It is generally known for its strong scent of rose from its bark.

<i>Didymocheton muelleri</i> Subspecies of tree

Didymocheton muelleri, the red bean or Miva mahogany, is a rainforest tree in the family Meliaceae. It occurs in tropical, sub-tropical and littoral rainforests in eastern Australia, from the Bellinger River in New South Wales in the south, to the wet tropics of north-eastern Queensland. A signposted red bean tree may be seen near the car park of Victoria Park Nature Reserve in north-eastern New South Wales.

<i>Didymocheton pettigrewianus</i> Species of tree in the family Meliaceae

Didymocheton pettigrewianus, commonly known as spur mahogany, spurwood, or Cairns satinwood, is a large tree in the family Meliaceae. It is native to the rainforests of Malesia, Papuasia and Queensland. In Queensland it occurs only in a small part of the northeast coast.

<i>Gymnostoma australianum</i> Species of tree in the family Casuarinaceae

Gymnostoma australianum, commonly known as the Daintree pine or Daintree oak, is a species of small tree which is endemic to a restricted area of the Daintree tropical rainforests region, within the Wet Tropics of north-eastern Queensland, Australia. It is a member of the plant family Casuarinaceae, often named she-oaks, members of which are characterised by drooping equisetoid evergreen foliage, and separate male and female flowers (unisexual). Superficially they look like well known scale–leaved gymnosperm trees species, such as Cupressus in the northern hemisphere and Callitris in the southern hemisphere.

Prasoxylon alliaceum is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet alliaceum is from the Latin meaning 'onion-like', referring to the smell of the inner bark.

Dysoxylum carolinae is a tree in the family Meliaceae. It is named for the English botanist Caroline Pannell.

Epicharis cuneata is a tree in the family Meliaceae.

<i>Dysoxylum macrocarpum</i> Species of tree

Dysoxylum macrocarpum is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet macrocarpum is from the Greek meaning 'large fruit'.

Dysoxylum rugulosum is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet rugulosum is from the Latin meaning 'small wrinkles', referring to the surface of the leaflets.

<i>Goniocheton arborescens</i> Species of plant in the family Meliaceae

Goniocheton arborescens, commonly known in Australia as Mossman mahogany, is a small tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is native to rainforests of Malesia, Papuasia, Queensland and nearby islands.

Epicharis densiflora is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet densiflora is from the Latin meaning 'dense flowers'.

<i>Lansium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Lansium is a genus of plants in the family Meliaceae, containing at least three species. The species Lansium domesticum is a tropical fruit-bearing tree that is cultivated in tropical Southeast Asia, and on a much smaller scale elsewhere in the tropics. Other previously named species are now placed in the genera Aglaia, Epicharis and Reinwardtiodendron.

<i>Didymocheton gaudichaudianus</i> Species of tree in the family Meliaceae

Didymocheton gaudichaudianus, commonly known as ivory mahogany, is a species of rainforest tree in the family Meliaceae, native to Malesia, Papuasia, Queensland, and some southwest Pacific islands.

<i>Epicharis</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Epicharis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Meliaceae. It includes seven species which range from Indochina to south-central China, Taiwan, Malesia, Papuasia, Queensland, and Fiji.

Dysoxylum acutangulum is a species of flowering plant in the mahogany family, Meliaceae. It is a tree native to Peninsular Thailand, Malesia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia.

References

  1. "Species profile—Dysoxylum parasiticum". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 "Epicharis parasitica". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government . Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  3. 1 2 "Epicharis parasitica (Osbeck) Mabb". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mabberley, D.J. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Dysoxylum parasiticum". Flora of Australia . Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Mabberley, David J.; Pannel, C. M.; Sing, A. M. (1995). Flora Malesiana. Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants. Vol. 12 pt. 1: Meliaceae. Leiden: Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University. pp. 76–81. ISBN   90-71236-26-9 . Retrieved 15 Mar 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kostermans, Reinwardtia. 7: 247. 1966". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). "Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm.". Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 290. ISBN   9780958174213.
  8. Osbeck, Pehr (1757). Dagbok öfwer en Ostindisk resa åren 1750, 1751, 1752. Stockholm: Tryckt hos Lor. Ludv. Grefing. p. 278. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  9. F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Dysoxylum parasiticum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1984). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 3 - Ce-Er. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian Press. p. 377. ISBN   0-85091-167-2.
  11. "Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  12. Mabberley, David J.; Sing, Anne M. (March 2007). Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G.; Chung, R. C. K.; Kiew, Ruth (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak (PDF). Vol. 6. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 173–174. ISBN   978-983-2181-89-7. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  13. "Daintree Rainforest Plants". Daintree Rainforest Discovery Centre. Retrieved 26 September 2023.