Epipaschiinae | |
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Caterpillar of Pococera sp. on sweetgum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Pyralidae |
Subfamily: | Epipaschiinae Meyrick, 1884 |
Type species | |
Epipaschia superatalis Clemens, 1860 | |
Diversity | |
91 genera | |
Synonyms | |
Pococerinae Hampson, 1918 |
The Epipaschiinae are a subfamily of snout moths (family Pyralidae). [1] More than 720 species are known today, [2] which are found mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Some occur in temperate regions, but the subfamily is apparently completely absent from Europe, at least as native species. A few Epipaschiinae are crop pests that may occasionally become economically significant.
Adult females are often hard to distinguish from related lineages, and even the larvae do not possess the characteristic sclerotized bristle base near the start of the abdomen, whose position is a tell-tale mark of the other subfamilies of Pyralidae.
By contrast, the adult males of Epipaschiinae are easier to recognize, and three of their traits support the assumption that Epipaschiinae are a natural, monophyletic group:
In addition, in most cases the adult males of this subfamily have a conspicuous scaled projection from the scape of the antennae.
The caterpillar larvae are leaf rollers, leaf tiers and leaf miners. As pests, they infest such diverse plants as Persea americana (avocado), Swietenia (mahoganies), or Zea mays (corn). However, they are usually a mere nuisance and do not cause large-scale crop failure.
Alma Solis (1993) provided a phylogenetic analysis of 20 genera of the Pococera complex, consisting of some 300 species in the Western Hemisphere. [3]
Pyraustinae is a large subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. It currently includes over 1,400 species; most of them tropical but some found in temperate regions including both North America and Europe.
Spilomelinae is a very species-rich subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. With 4,132 described species in 340 genera worldwide, it is the most speciose group among pyraloids.
The Pyralinae are the typical subfamily of snout moths and occur essentially worldwide, in some cases aided by involuntary introduction by humans. They are rather rare in the Americas however, and their diversity in the Australian region is also limited. Altogether, this subfamily includes about 900 described species, but new ones continue to be discovered. Like many of their relatives in the superfamily Pyraloidea, the caterpillar larvae of many Pyralinae – and in some cases even the adults – have evolved the ability to use unusual foods for nutrition; a few of these can become harmful to humans as pests of stored goods.
Crambinae is a large subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. It currently includes over 1,800 species worldwide. The larvae are root feeders or stem borers, mostly on grasses. A few species are pests of sod grasses, maize, sugar cane, rice, and other Poaceae. The monophyly of this group is supported by the structure of the tympanal organs and the phallus attached medially to the juxta, as well as genetic analyses.
Omiodes is a moth genus in the family Crambidae. Several species are endemic to Hawaii.
Anania is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1823.
Blepharomastix is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Julius Lederer in 1863.
Glyphodes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Achille Guenée in 1854.
Herpetogramma is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Julius Lederer in 1863. It currently comprises 106 species and is found in North America, Eurasia, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America. Of the few species where host plants are known, the larvae mostly feed on grasses.
Pyrausta is a speciose genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802.
Petrophila is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was described by Lansdown Guilding in 1830.
Syllepte is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.
Hypsopygia is a genus of moths belonging to the family Pyralidae. Though fairly small, they are large among their relatives. It was described by Jacob Hübner in 1825.
The Chrysauginae are a subfamily of snout moths. They are primarily Neotropical and include about 400 described species.
Pococera is a genus of snout moths in the subfamily Epipaschiinae, found mainly in North and Central America. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1848.
Mediavia is a genus of snout moths erected by Maria Alma Solis in 1993.
Cybalomiinae is a subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae. It was described by Hubert Marion in 1955.
Margaroniini is a tribe of the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae. The tribe was erected by Charles Swinhoe and Everard Charles Cotes in 1889.