Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary

Last updated

The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows: [1]

Contents

Population

Demographics of pre-WW1 Austria (red) and Hungary (green) in Europe Demographics of Austria and Hungary in Europe before WW1.png
Demographics of pre-WW1 Austria (red) and Hungary (green) in Europe
Combined demographics of the Empire of Austria and Kingdom of Hungary (1910). 1910 Demographics of Austria-Hungary.png
Combined demographics of the Empire of Austria and Kingdom of Hungary (1910).
Area Number %
Cisleithania [2] 28,571,934 55.6
Transleithania [3] 20,886,487 40.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium) 1,931,802 3.8
Total 51,390,223 100.0

Largest cities

Data: census in 1910 [4] [5]

Austrian Empire
RankCurrent English nameContemporary official name [6] OtherPresent-day countryPopulation in 1910Present-day population
1. Vienna WienBécs, Beč, DunajAustria2,031,498

(city without the suburb 1,481,970)

1,840,573

(Metro: 2,600,000)

2. Prague Prag, PrahaPrágaCzech Republic668,000

(city without the suburb 223,741)

1,301,132

(Metro: 2,620,000)

3. Trieste TriestTrieszt, TrstItaly229,510204,420
4. Lviv Lemberg, LwówIlyvó, Львів, Lvov, ЛьвовUkraine206,113728,545
5. Kraków Krakau, KrakówKrakkó, KrakovPoland151,886762,508
6. Graz Grác, GradecAustria151,781328,276
7. Brno Brünn, BrnoBerén, Börön, BörénvásárCzech Republic125,737377,028
8. Chernivtsi CzernowitzCsernyivci, Cernăuți, ЧернівціUkraine87,128242,300
9. Plzeň Pilsen, PlzeňPilzenCzech Republic80,343169,858
10. Linz LinecAustria67,817200,841
Kingdom of Hungary
RankCurrent English nameContemporary official name [6] OtherPresent-day countryPopulation in 1910Present-day population
1. Budapest BudimpeštaHungary1,232,026 (city without the suburb 880,371)1,735,711 (Metro: 3,303,786)
2. Szeged Szegedin, SegedinHungary118,328170,285
3. Subotica SzabadkaСуботицаSerbia94,610105,681
4. Debrecen Hungary92,729208,016
5. Zagreb Zágráb, AgramCroatia79,038803,000 (Metro: 1,228,941)
6. Bratislava PozsonyPressburg, PrešporokSlovakia78,223425,167
7. Timișoara TemesvárTemeswarRomania72,555319,279
8. Kecskemét Hungary66,834111,411
9. Oradea NagyváradGroßwardeinRomania64,169196,367
10. Arad AradRomania63,166159,074
11. Hódmezővásárhely Hungary62,44546,047
12. Cluj-Napoca KolozsvárKlausenburgRomania60,808324,576
13. Újpest Hungary55,197100,694
14. Miskolc Hungary51,459157,177
15. Pécs Hungary49,852145,347

Languages

Distribution of the German language in Austria-Hungary in 1910 Distribution of the German language in Austria-Hungary, 1910.png
Distribution of the German language in Austria-Hungary in 1910
Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. (Rusyns are registered as Ukrainians) Austria Hungary ethnic.svg
Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. (Rusyns are registered as Ukrainians)

In the Austrian Empire (Cisleithania), the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language. Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache, even when having a different Muttersprache. The Istro-Romanians were counted as Romanians.

In the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania), the 1910 census was based on mother tongue. [7] [8] [9] [10] According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language. [7] This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population [11] ) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue). [12]

Language Number %
German 12,006,521 23.36
Hungarian 10,056,315 19.57
Czech 6,442,133 12.54
Serbo-Croatian 5,621,797 10.94
Polish 4,976,804 9.68
Ruthenian 3,997,831 7.78
Romanian 3,224,147 6.27
Slovak 1,967,970 3.83
Slovene 1,255,620 2.44
Italian 768,422 1.50
Other 1,072,663 2.09
Total 51,390,223 100.00

Cisleithanian states (Austrian Empire)

Land Main language Others (if more than 2%)
Bohemia Czech (63.2%) German (36.8%)
Dalmatia Serbo-Croatian (94.6%) Italian (2.8%)
Galicia Polish (58.6%) Ruthenian (40.2%)
Lower Austria German (95.9%) Czech (3.8%)
Upper Austria German (99.7%)
Bukovina Ruthenian (38.4%) Romanian (34.4%), German (21.2%), Polish (4.6%)
Carinthia German (78.6%) Slovenian (20.7%)
Carniola Slovenian (94.4%) German (4.9%)
Salzburg German (99.7%)
Austrian Silesia German (43.9%) Polish (31.7%), Czech (24.3%)
Styria German (70.5%) Slovenian (28.4%)
Moravia Czech (71.8%) German (27.6%)
County of Tyrol German (57.3%) Italian (42.1%)
Austrian Littoral Italian (39.6%) Slovenian (29.5%), Serbo-Croatian (18.8%), German (3.1%)
Vorarlberg German (95.4%) Italian (4.4%)

Transleithanian lands (Kingdom of Hungary)

In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue. 1910 census in Hungary.png
In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.
Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties.png
Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties
Land Mother tongues (1910 census) [7] [13]
Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%)
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)
Land Hungarian Romanian German Slovak Croatian Serbian Ruthenian OtherTotal
Danube Right Bank72% (2,221,295)0% (833)18% (555,694)0.6% (17,188)5.5% (168,436)0.5% (15,170)0% (232)3.4% (105,556)14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank32.7% (711,654)0% (704)6.6% (144,395)58.8% (1,279,574)0.1% (2,294)0% (200)0% (393)1.7% (36,710)10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza81.2% (3,061,066)0.1% (4,813)9.5% (357,822)2.1% (79,354)0.1% (4,866)4.1% (154,298)0.3% (11,121)4.1% (96,318)18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank53.5% (945,990)0.1% (1,910)5.6% (98,564)25% (441,776)0% (486)0% (247)14.3% (253,062)1.6% (27,646)8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank61.8% (1,603,924)24% (621,918)3.2% (83,229)3.1% (81,154)0% (327)0% (321)7.5% (194,504)0.3% (8,547)12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros 22.2% (474,988)39.5% (845,850)19.9% (427,253)2.1% (44,715)0.2% (4,950)13.6% (290,434)0.1% (3,188)2.4% (50,391)10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania 34.3% (918,217)55% (1,472,021)8.7% (234,085)0.1% (2,404)0% (523)0% (421)0.1% (1,759)1.8% (48,937)12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume 13% (6,493)0.3% (137)4.6% (2,315)0.4% (192)26% (12,926)0.9% (425)0% (11)54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian)0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia 4% (105,948)0% (846)5.1% (134,078)0.8% (21,613)62.5% (1,638,354)24.6% (644,955)0.3% (8,317)2.6% (67,843)12.6% (2,621,954)
Total48.1% (10,050,575)14.1% (2,949,032)9.8% (2,037,435)9.4% (1,967,970)8.8% (1,833,162)5.3% (1,106,471)2.3% (472,587)2.2% (469,255)100% (20,886,487)

Historical regions

RegionMother TonguesHungarian languageOther languages
Transylvania Romanian – 2,819,467 (54%)1,658,045 (31.7%)German – 550,964 (10.5%)
Upper Hungary Slovak – 1,688,413 (57.9%)881,320 (30.2%)German – 198,405 (6.8%)
Délvidék Serbo-Croatian – 601,770 (39.8%)425,672 (28.1%)German – 324,017 (21.4%)
Romanian – 75,318 (5.0%)
Slovak – 56,690 (3.7%)
Transcarpathia Ruthenian – 330,010 (54.5%)185,433 (30.6%)German – 64,257 (10.6%)
Fiume Italian – 24,212 (48.6%)6,493 (13%)Serbo-Croatian – 13,351 (26.8%)
Slovene - 2,336 (4.7%)
German - 2,315 (4.6%)
Őrvidék German – 217,072 (74.4%)26,225 (9%)Croatian – 43,633 (15%)
Muravidék Slovene – 74,199 (80.4%) – in 192114,065 (15.2%) – in 1921German – 2,540 (2.8%) – in 1921

The Germans in Croatia were mainly living in the eastern parts of the country where they had been settled along the Drava and Danube rivers, and the former Military Frontier (Militärgrenze), after the Habsburg (re)conquest of the area from the Ottomans in 1687.

Religions

Map of religions, from Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas Andree48-2.jpg
Map of religions, from Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
Religions/Confessions in all of Austria-Hungary Austrian
part
Hungarian
part
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Catholics 76.6% 90.9% 61.8% 22.9%
Protestants 8.9% 2.1% 19% 0.3%
Orthodox 8.7% 2.3% 14.3% 43.5%
Jews 4.4% 4.7% 4.9% 0.6%
Muslims 1.3% 0% 0% 32.7%

See also

Sources

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Hungary</span>

Demographic features of the population of Hungary include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liptó County</span> County of the Kingdom of Hungary

Liptó County was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in northern Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Șimleu Silvaniei</span> Town in Sălaj County, Romania

Șimleu Silvaniei is a town in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 13,948 people. It is located near the ancient Dacian fortress Dacidava.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turda</span> Municipality in Cluj, Romania

Turda is a city in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, 34.2 km (21.3 mi) from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, to which it is connected by the European route E81, and 6.7 km (4.2 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hajdú County</span> County of the Kingdom of Hungary

Hajdú, formerly known as Hajdúság, was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. The capital of the county was Debrecen. The territory of the county is now part of the Hungarian county Hajdú-Bihar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beszterce-Naszód County</span> County of the Kingdom of Hungary

Beszterce-Naszód was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in northern Romania. The capital of the county was Beszterce.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fogaras County</span> County of the Kingdom of Hungary

Fogaras was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania. The county's capital was Fogaras.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maros-Torda County</span> Administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary

Maros-Torda was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania and has been administratively succeeded by county Mureș which consist of about half the territory of the previous Maros-Torda administrative county. Its county seat was Marosvásárhely.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Szeben County</span> County of the Kingdom of Hungary

Szeben was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania. The capital of the county was Nagyszeben.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarian irredentism</span> Political ideas to reunite Historic Hungary

Hungarian irredentism or Greater Hungary are irredentist political ideas concerning redemption of territories of the historical Kingdom of Hungary. The objective is to at least to regain control over Hungarian-populated areas in Hungary's neighbouring countries. Hungarian historiography uses the term "Historic Hungary". "Whole Hungary" is also commonly used by supporters of this ideology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soltvadkert</span> Town in Bács-Kiskun, Hungary

Soltvadkert is a town in Bács-Kiskun County in Hungary with approximately 8,000 inhabitants. The former name of the town is Vadkert. It is surrounded by several areas of Kiskunság National Park and Lake Vadkert.

Bušovce is a village and municipality in Kežmarok District in the Prešov Region of northern central Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holumnica</span> Municipality in Slovakia

Holumnica is a village and municipality in Kežmarok District in the Prešov Region of north Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toporec</span>

Toporec is a village and municipality in Kežmarok District in the Prešov Region of north Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spišská Belá</span> Town in Slovakia

Spišská Belá is a town in the Kežmarok District in the Prešov Region in Spiš in northern Slovakia. Prior to World War I, it was in Szepes county in the Kingdom of Hungary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glogonj</span> Village in Vojvodina, Serbia

Glogonj is a village in Serbia, situated in the South Banat District of the province of Vojvodina. It is located on the banks of the Tamiš River, about 20 kilometers northwest of Pančevo, and about 20 kilometers direct north of Belgrade. It has a Serb ethnic majority, numbering 2,657 people as of 2022. Its neighboring villages are Sefkerin to the north and Jabuka to the south. All of them lie on the Tamiš.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Szabadhídvég</span> Place in Fejér, Hungary

Szabadhídvég is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sáros County</span> County of the Kingdom of Hungary

Sáros was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in northeastern Slovakia. Today, Šariš is only an informal designation of the corresponding territory.

Podhorany is a village and municipality in Kežmarok District in the Prešov Region of north Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Budapest</span>

The population of Budapest was 1,735,041 on 1 January 2013. According to the 2011 census, the Budapest metropolitan area was home to 2,530,167 people and the Budapest commuter area had 3.3 million inhabitants. The Hungarian capital is the largest in the Pannonian Basin and the ninth largest in the European Union. Budapest is also the primate city of Hungary and some neighbouring territories.

References

  1. Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.
  2. Österreichische Statistik, Neue Folge (in German). Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
  3. 1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 17.
  4. Kogutowicz Károly, Hermann Győző: Zsebatlasz: Naptárral és statisztikai adatokkal az 1914. évre. Magyar Földrajzi Intézet R. T., Budapest 1913, S. 69, 105.
  5. 1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 22.
  6. 1 2 "Donaumonarchie Österreich-Ungarn". Donaumonarchie.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Kocsis, Károly (1996–2000). "V. Népesség és társadalom – Demográfiai jellemzők és folyamatok – Magyarország népessége – Anyanyelv, nemzetiség alakulása" [V. Population and Society – Demographic Characteristics and Processes – Hungary's Population – Development of Mother Tongue and Nationality]. In István, Kollega Tarsoly (ed.). Magyarország a XX. században – II. Kötet: Természeti környezet, népesség és társadalom, egyházak és felekezetek, gazdaság[Hungary in the 20th century – II. Volume: Natural Environment, Population and Society, Churches and Denominations, Economy] (in Hungarian). Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. ISBN   963-9015-08-3.
  8. 1 2 Kocsis, Károly. "Series of Ethnic Maps of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area".
  9. Árpád, Varga E. (1999). Népszámlálások Erdély területén 1850 és 1910 között [Censuses in Transylvania between 1850 and 1910](PDF). Bucharest.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
  11. Taylor 1948, p. 268.
  12. Kocsis, Károly; Bottlik, Zsolt. The Changing Ethnic Patterns on the Present-Day Territory Of Hungary (PDF).
  13. Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN   9789637070433. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.

Further reading