Euglena sanguinea is a single-celled organism, with cells 61–150 μm long and 17–35 μm wide.[3] The cells are spindle-shaped with a rounded anterior and a pointed posterior; the cell is surrounded by a pellicle which is spirally striated.[2] Each cell has numerous (>15) chloroplasts in the shape of highly concave plates. Chloroplasts are in the shape of highly concave plates and are deeply dissected into long, ribbon-like bands which follow the contour of the cell and form spiral rows. The center of each chloroplast is embedded deeper inside the cell, and contains a single double-sheathed pyrenoid. Spindle-shaped mucocysts are visible in the cell.[3] The flagellum is usually about 1.5 times or twice as long as the cell. An eyespot (stigma) is present and fairly large, near the base of the flagellum.[2]
Chemistry
Euglena sanguinea often produces granules of red pigment called astaxanthin (also known as hematochrome).[2] The pigment is used to protect the chloroplasts from light that is too intense, but as the light levels change the cells can take on a green colour as the red pigment is moved to the centre of the cells.
Some strains of Euglena sanguinea are known to produce the alkaloid toxin euglenophycin.[4] It is the first known case of an euglenid producing toxins.[5] Euglenophycin is a potent ichthyotoxin that is very similar in structure to solenopsin, a alkaloid that is found in fire ant venom. Euglena sanguinea that is able to form toxic blooms that cause mortality in fish farms.[5]
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