| Euphydryas | |
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| Euphydryas phaeton , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Tribe: | Melitaeini |
| Genus: | Euphydryas Scudder, 1872 |
Euphydryas is a genus of Nymphalidae butterflies.
| Subgenus [1] | Butterfly | Caterpillar | Species | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Euphydryas |  |  | Euphydryas phaeton (Drury, 1773) | Baltimore checkerspot | North America |
| Hypodryas |  |  | Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) | scarce fritillary | Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Sweden. |
| Euphydryas italica Back, Haussmann, Salk & Weiss, 2015 | Italy | ||||
 | Euphydryas intermedia (Ménétriés, 1859) | Alps, Middle and South Ural, in the taiga zone and the West Siberian Lowland, South Siberia and the Russian Far East, Sakhalin, Mongolia, Northeast China, North Korea | |||
| Euphydryas ichnea (Boisduval, 1833) | Urals to Sakhalin; the Alps, Mongolia, NE. China, Korea | ||||
 |  | Euphydryas cynthia (Schiffermüller, 1775) | Cynthia's fritillary | Bulgaria | |
 | Euphydryas iduna (Dalman, 1816) | Lapland fritillary | Arctic Europe, Arctic Asia, Caucasus Major, Alatau, Russian Far East, Altai, Sayan | ||
 | Euphydryas gillettii (Barnes, 1897) | Gillette's checkerspot | British Columbia to Oregon and from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. | ||
| Occidryas |  | Euphydryas anicia (Doubleday, 1847) | Anicia checkerspot | North America | |
 | Euphydryas chalcedona (Doubleday, 1847) | Chalcedon checkerspot or variable checkerspot | Rocky Mountains into Colorado, Montana, New Mexico and Wyoming. | ||
 | Euphydryas editha (Boisduval, 1852) | Edith's checkerspot | southern British Columbia and Alberta south to Baja California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado | ||
| Eurodryas |  |  | Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775) | marsh fritillary | Ireland in the west to Yakutia in the east, and to north-west China and Mongolia in the south |
 | Euphydryas beckeri (Lederer, 1853) | France | |||
| Euphydryas discordia Bolshakov & Korb, 2013 | Russia, Republic of Karachaevo-Cherkessia, N. Caucasus | ||||
| Euphydryas orientalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) | Russian Federation (Urals) Turkey, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan | ||||
| Euphydryas asiatica (Staudinger, 1881) | Kazakhstan, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tian Shan | ||||
| Euphydryas sibirica (Staudinger, 1871) | north-eastern Asia | ||||
| Euphydryas laeta (Christoph, 1893) | Kazakhstan | ||||
 |  | Euphydryas desfontainii (Godart, 1819) | Spanish fritillary | France, Spain, Morocco | |
Vanessa atalanta, the red admiral or, previously, the red admirable, is a well-characterized, medium-sized butterfly with black wings, red bands, and white spots. It has a wingspan of about 2 inches (5 cm). It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. The red admiral is widely distributed across temperate regions of North Africa, the Americas, Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean. It resides in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring and sometimes again in autumn. Typically found in moist woodlands, the red admiral caterpillar's primary host plant is the stinging nettle ; it can also be found on the false nettle. The adult butterfly drinks from flowering plants like Buddleia and overripe fruit. Red admirals are territorial; females will only mate with males that hold territory. Males with superior flight abilities are more likely to successfully court females. It is known as an unusually calm butterfly, often allowing observation at a very close distance before flying away, also landing on and using humans as perches.
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a reduced pair of forelegs and many hold their colourful wings flat when resting. They are also called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies, because they are known to stand on only four legs while the other two are curled up; in some species, these forelegs have a brush-like set of hairs, which gives this family its other common name. Many species are brightly coloured and include popular species such as the emperors, monarch butterfly, admirals, tortoiseshells, and fritillaries. However, the under wings are, in contrast, often dull and in some species look remarkably like dead leaves, or are much paler, producing a cryptic effect that helps the butterflies blend into their surroundings.
The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more northern regions of North America and Eurasia. Most pierid butterflies are white, yellow, or orange in coloration, often with black spots. The pigments that give the distinct coloring to these butterflies are derived from waste products in the body and are a characteristic of this family. The family was created by William John Swainson in 1820.
Lycaenidae is the second-largest family of butterflies, with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also called gossamer-winged butterflies. They constitute about 30% of the known butterfly species.
The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies. They can be divided into 45–50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea. The colouration is predominantly reddish and black, and though of varying wing shape, the forewings are always elongated tipwards, hence the common name.
The Parnassiinae or snow Apollos are a subfamily of the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae. The subfamily includes about 50 medium-sized, white or yellow species. The snow Apollos are high-altitude butterflies and are distributed across Asia, Europe and North America.
The marsh fritillary is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. Commonly distributed in the Palearctic region, the marsh fritillary's common name derives from one of its several habitats, marshland. The prolonged larval stage lasts for approximately seven to eight months and includes a period of hibernation over the winter. The larvae are dependent on the host food plant Succisa pratensis not only for feeding but also for hibernation, because silken webs are formed on the host plant as the gregarious larvae enter hibernation. Females lay eggs in batches on the host plant and are, like other batch-layers, selective about the location of oviposition because offspring survivorship levels for batch-layers are more tied to location selection than they are for single-egg layers.
The Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the browns, are a subfamily of the Nymphalidae. They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. This group contains nearly half of the known diversity of brush-footed butterflies. The true number of the Satyrinae species is estimated to exceed 2,400.
Limenitis is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, commonly called the admirals. The sister butterflies (Adelpha) and commander butterflies (Moduza) are sometimes included here.
Riodininae is the largest of the three subfamilies within the metalmark butterfly family, Riodinidae.
Boloria is a brush-footed butterfly (Nymphalidae) genus. Clossiana is usually included with it nowadays, though some authors still consider it distinct and it seems to warrant recognition as a subgenus at least.
The variable checkerspot or Chalcedon checkerspot is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in western North America, where its range stretches from Alaska in the north to Baja California in the south and extends east through the Rocky Mountains into Colorado, Montana, New Mexico and Wyoming. The butterfly is usually brown or black with extensive white and yellow checkering and some red coloration on the dorsal wing. Adult wingspan is 3.2–5.7 cm (1.3–2.2 in). Adult butterflies feed on nectar from flowers while larvae feed on a variety of plants including snowberry (Symphoricarpos), paintbrush (Castilleja), Buddleja, Diplacus aurantiacus and Scrophularia californica.
Speyeria, commonly known as greater fritillaries, is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae commonly found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Some authors used to consider this taxon a subgenus of Argynnis, but it has been reestablished as a separate genus in 2017.
Edith's checkerspot is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is a resident species of western North America and among the subspecies, entomologists have long been intrigued by their many phenotypic variations in coloration, wing length, and overall body size. Most populations are monophagous and rely on plants including Plantago erecta and Orthocarpus densiflorus as their host species in developing from eggs through to larvae, pupae, and mature butterflies. Males exhibit polygyny whereas females rarely mate more than once. Males devote most of their attention to mate acquisition, and such mate locating strategies such as hilltopping behavior have developed. Climate change and habitat destruction have impacted certain subspecies. Three subspecies in particular, Euphydryas editha quino, Euphydryas editha bayensis and Euphydryas editha taylori, are currently under protection via the Endangered Species Act.
Euphydryas cynthia, or Cynthia's fritillary, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Alps and in mountainous areas of Bulgaria in alpine meadows from 400 to 2,300 meters.
Jeane Daniel Gunder was an American entomologist who specialised in butterflies.
Euphydryas editha taylori, the Whulge checkerspot or Taylor's checkerspot, is a butterfly native to an area of the northwestern United States and Vancouver Island.
Chlosyne leanira, the leanira checkerspot, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America from western Oregon south to California, Nevada, Utah and western Colorado, as well as Baja California. The wingspan is 33–40 mm. Generally, females are larger than males, but males have a more apparent red color to their wings.
Euphydryas sibirica is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in north-eastern Asia, where it is found in steppe or steppe-like meadows.
Euphydryas desfontainii, the Spanish fritillary, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in France, Portugal, Spain, Morocco and western Algeria in North Africa.
Zimmermann, Marie; Niklas Wahlberg; Henri Descimon (May 2000). "Phylogeny of Euphydryas Checkerspot Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 93 (3): 347–355. doi: 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0347:POECBL]2.0.CO;2 .
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