Factory method pattern

In object-oriented programming, the factory method pattern is a design pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify their exact classes. Rather than by calling a constructor, this is accomplished by invoking a factory method to create an object. Factory methods can be specified in an interface and implemented by subclasses or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by subclasses. It is one of the 23 classic design patterns described in the book Design Patterns (often referred to as the "Gang of Four" or simply "GoF") and is subcategorized as a creational pattern. ^[1]

Overview

The factory method design pattern solves problems such as:

• How can an object's subclasses redefine its subsequent and distinct implementation? The pattern involves creation of a factory method within the superclass that defers the object's creation to a subclass's factory method.
• How can an object's instantiation be deferred to a subclass? Create an object by calling a factory method instead of directly calling a constructor.

This enables the creation of subclasses that can change the way in which an object is created (for example, by redefining which class to instantiate).

Definition

According to Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software : "Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses." ^[2]

Creating an object often requires complex processes not appropriate to include within a composing object. The object's creation may lead to a significant duplication of code, may require information inaccessible to the composing object, may not provide a sufficient level of abstraction or may otherwise not be included in the composing object's concerns. The factory method design pattern handles these problems by defining a separate method for creating the objects, which subclasses can then override to specify the derived type of product that will be created.

The factory method pattern relies on inheritance, as object creation is delegated to subclasses that implement the factory method to create objects. ^[3] The pattern can also rely on the implementation of an interface.

Structure

UML class diagram

A sample UML class diagram for the Factory Method design pattern.

In the above UML class diagram, the Creator class that requires a Product object does not instantiate the Product1 class directly. Instead, the Creator refers to a separate factoryMethod() to create a product object, which makes the Creator independent of the exact concrete class that is instantiated. Subclasses of Creator can redefine which class to instantiate. In this example, the Creator1 subclass implements the abstract factoryMethod() by instantiating the Product1 class.

Examples

This C++14 implementation is based on the pre C++98 implementation in the book. ^{[5] [ which? ]}

#include<iostream>#include<memory>enumProductId{MINE,YOURS};// defines the interface of objects the factory method creates.classProduct{public:virtualvoidprint()=0;virtual~Product()=default;};// implements the Product interface.classConcreteProductMINE:publicProduct{public:voidprint(){std::cout<<"this="<<this<<" print MINE\n";}};// implements the Product interface.classConcreteProductYOURS:publicProduct{public:voidprint(){std::cout<<"this="<<this<<" print YOURS\n";}};// declares the factory method, which returns an object of type Product.classCreator{public:virtualstd::unique_ptr<Product>create(ProductIdid){if(ProductId::MINE==id)returnstd::make_unique<ConcreteProductMINE>();if(ProductId::YOURS==id)returnstd::make_unique<ConcreteProductYOURS>();// repeat for remaining products...returnnullptr;}virtual~Creator()=default;};intmain(){// The unique_ptr prevent memory leaks.std::unique_ptr<Creator>creator=std::make_unique<Creator>();std::unique_ptr<Product>product=creator->create(ProductId::MINE);product->print();product=creator->create(ProductId::YOURS);product->print();}

The program output is like

this=0x6e5e90printMINEthis=0x6e62c0printYOURS

A maze game may be played in two modes, one with regular rooms that are only connected with adjacent rooms, and one with magic rooms that allow players to be transported at random.

Structure

Room is the base class for a final product (MagicRoom or OrdinaryRoom). MazeGame declares the abstract factory method to produce such a base product. MagicRoom and OrdinaryRoom are subclasses of the base product implementing the final product. MagicMazeGame and OrdinaryMazeGame are subclasses of MazeGame implementing the factory method producing the final products. Factory methods thus decouple callers (MazeGame) from the implementation of the concrete classes. This makes the new operator redundant, allows adherence to the open–closed principle and makes the final product more flexible in the event of change.

Example implementations

C#

// Empty vocabulary of actual objectpublicinterfaceIPerson{stringGetName();}publicclassVillager:IPerson{publicstringGetName(){return"Village Person";}}publicclassCityPerson:IPerson{publicstringGetName(){return"City Person";}}publicenumPersonType{Rural,Urban}/// <summary>/// Implementation of Factory - Used to create objects./// </summary>publicclassPersonFactory{publicIPersonGetPerson(PersonTypetype){switch(type){casePersonType.Rural:returnnewVillager();casePersonType.Urban:returnnewCityPerson();default:thrownewNotSupportedException();}}}

The above code depicts the creation of an interface called IPerson and two implementations called Villager and CityPerson. Based on the type passed to the PersonFactory object, the original concrete object is returned as the interface IPerson.

A factory method is just an addition to the PersonFactory class. It creates the object of the class through interfaces but also allows the subclass to decide which class is instantiated.

publicinterfaceIProduct{stringGetName();boolSetPrice(doubleprice);}publicclassPhone:IProduct{privatedouble_price;publicstringGetName(){return"Apple TouchPad";}publicboolSetPrice(doubleprice){_price=price;returntrue;}}/* Almost same as Factory, just an additional exposure to do something with the created method */publicabstractclassProductAbstractFactory{protectedabstractIProductMakeProduct();publicIProductGetObject()// Implementation of Factory Method.{returnthis.MakeProduct();}}publicclassPhoneConcreteFactory:ProductAbstractFactory{protectedoverrideIProductMakeProduct(){IProductproduct=newPhone();// Do something with the object after receiving itproduct.SetPrice(20.30);returnproduct;}}

In this example, MakeProduct is used in concreteFactory. As a result, MakeProduct() may be invoked in order to retrieve it from the IProduct. Custom logic could run after the object is obtained in the concrete factory method. GetObject is made abstract in the factory interface.

Java

This Java example is similar to one in the book Design Patterns.

The MazeGame uses Room but delegates the responsibility of creating Room objects to its subclasses that create the concrete classes. The regular game mode could use this template method:

publicabstractclassRoom{abstractvoidconnect(Roomroom);}publicclassMagicRoomextendsRoom{publicvoidconnect(Roomroom){}}publicclassOrdinaryRoomextendsRoom{publicvoidconnect(Roomroom){}}publicabstractclassMazeGame{privatefinalList<Room>rooms=newArrayList<>();publicMazeGame(){Roomroom1=makeRoom();Roomroom2=makeRoom();room1.connect(room2);rooms.add(room1);rooms.add(room2);}abstractprotectedRoommakeRoom();}

The MazeGame constructor is a template method that adds some common logic. It refers to the makeRoom() factory method that encapsulates the creation of rooms such that other rooms can be used in a subclass. To implement the other game mode that has magic rooms, the makeRoom method may be overridden:

publicclassMagicMazeGameextendsMazeGame{@OverrideprotectedMagicRoommakeRoom(){returnnewMagicRoom();}}publicclassOrdinaryMazeGameextendsMazeGame{@OverrideprotectedOrdinaryRoommakeRoom(){returnnewOrdinaryRoom();}}MazeGameordinaryGame=newOrdinaryMazeGame();MazeGamemagicGame=newMagicMazeGame();

PHP

This PHP example shows interface implementations instead of subclassing (however, the same can be achieved through subclassing). The factory method can also be defined as publicand called directly by the client code (in contrast to the previous Java example).

/* Factory and car interfaces */interfaceCarFactory{publicfunctionmakeCar():Car;}interfaceCar{publicfunctiongetType():string;}/* Concrete implementations of the factory and car */classSedanFactoryimplementsCarFactory{publicfunctionmakeCar():Car{returnnewSedan();}}classSedanimplementsCar{publicfunctiongetType():string{return'Sedan';}}/* Client */$factory=newSedanFactory();$car=$factory->makeCar();print$car->getType();

Python

This Python example employs the same as did the previous Java example.

fromabcimportABC,abstractmethodclassMazeGame(ABC):def__init__(self)->None:self.rooms=[]self._prepare_rooms()def_prepare_rooms(self)->None:room1=self.make_room()room2=self.make_room()room1.connect(room2)self.rooms.append(room1)self.rooms.append(room2)defplay(self)->None:print(f"Playing using {self.rooms[0]}")@abstractmethoddefmake_room(self):raiseNotImplementedError("You should implement this!")classMagicMazeGame(MazeGame):defmake_room(self)->"MagicRoom":returnMagicRoom()classOrdinaryMazeGame(MazeGame):defmake_room(self)->"OrdinaryRoom":returnOrdinaryRoom()classRoom(ABC):def__init__(self)->None:self.connected_rooms=[]defconnect(self,room:"Room")->None:self.connected_rooms.append(room)classMagicRoom(Room):def__str__(self)->str:return"Magic room"classOrdinaryRoom(Room):def__str__(self)->str:return"Ordinary room"ordinaryGame=OrdinaryMazeGame()ordinaryGame.play()magicGame=MagicMazeGame()magicGame.play()

Uses

• In ADO.NET, IDbCommand.CreateParameter is an example of the use of factory method to connect parallel class hierarchies.
• In Qt, QMainWindow::createPopupMenu Archived 2015-07-19 at the Wayback Machine is a factory method declared in a framework that can be overridden in application code.
• In Java, several factories are used in the javax.xml.parsers package, such as javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory or javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory.
• In the HTML5 DOM API, the Document interface contains a createElement() factory method for creating specific elements of the HTMLElement interface.

See also

• Design Patterns , the highly influential book
• Design pattern, overview of design patterns in general
• Abstract factory pattern, a pattern often implemented using factory methods
• Builder pattern, another creational pattern
• Template method pattern, which may call factory methods
• Joshua Bloch's idea of a static factory method for which Bloch claims there is no direct equivalent in Design Patterns .

Notes

1. Gamma et al. 1995, p. 107.
2. Gamma, Erich; Helm, Richard; Johnson, Ralph; Vlissides, John (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley. ISBN   0-201-63361-2.
3. Freeman, Eric; Robson, Elisabeth; Sierra, Kathy; Bates, Bert (2004). Hendrickson, Mike; Loukides, Mike (eds.). Head First Design Patterns: A Brain-Friendly Guide (paperback). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 162. ISBN   978-0-596-00712-6 . Retrieved 2012-09-12.
4. "The Factory Method design pattern - Structure and Collaboration". w3sDesign.com. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
5. Gamma et al. 1995, p. 122.

References

• Martin Fowler; Kent Beck; John Brant; William Opdyke; Don Roberts (June 1999). Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code. Addison-Wesley. ISBN   0-201-48567-2.
• Cox, Brad J. (1986). Object-oriented programming: an evolutionary approach. Addison-Wesley. ISBN   978-0-201-10393-9.
• Cohen, Tal; Gil, Joseph (2007). "Better Construction with Factories" (PDF). Journal of Object Technology. 6 (6). Bertrand Meyer: 103. doi: 10.5381/jot.2007.6.6.a3 . Retrieved 2007-03-12.

External links

• Factory Design Pattern Archived 2018-01-10 at the Wayback Machine Implementation in Java

• Factory method in UML and in LePUS3 (a Design Description Language)
• Consider static factory methods by Joshua Bloch