Fali people

Last updated
Fali belt Belt, fringe, beads - Fali, Cameroon - Royal Museum for Central Africa - DSC07050.JPG
Fali belt

The Fali people (called the Bana in Nigeria) [1] are any of several small ethnic groups of Africa. The Fali are concentrated in mountainous areas of northern Cameroon, but some also live in northeastern Nigeria. [2] [3] The Fali are composed of four major groups, each corresponding to a geographic region: The Bossoum Fali, the Kangou Fali, the Peske–Bori Fali, and the Tingelin Fali. [4] The Fali in Cameroon have been described as being centered on Garoua as well as the rocky plateaus and peaks of the Adamawa mountains in the country's north. [4] [5] [6] The Fali are sometimes referred to as the Kirdi , meaning "pagan," a term given by the neighboring Muslim Fulani; after they fought against the jihadists and rejected Islam. Today the Fali in Mubi North Adamawa state are predominantly Christians. [7]

Contents

Origins

The term Fali is from a Fula word meaning "perched," a reference to how Fali compounds appear on the sides of mountains. [8] The Fali in Nigeria primarily live in the Mubi District, Mubi Division of the former Gongola State. [9]

The Fali people trace their ancestry to the Ngomma, who founded the ancient capital of Timpil. Other accounts trace the Fali's origins to the Sao civilization on Lake Chad, which flourished from the tenth to the 16th centuries. [10]

Culture

The Fali speak various unrelated languages.

The Fali primarily engage in farming and hunting. [2] Major crops include millet, chickpeas, peanuts (groundnuts), squash, tobacco, okra, and cotton. [11] The Fali are exogamous, patrilineal, and hierarchical, with society being made up of clans with distinct territories and chiefs, and tracing their origin to a common ancestor. [2] They observe virilocal residence. [11]

Cissus quadrangularis is significant to Fali in Cameroon, and the Fali are reported to wash their dead in a decoction of the plant. [12] The Fali believe that the development of the plants is important to fertility; a C. quadrangularis is planted on proposed construction sites, and if the plant does not flourish, a new site is chosen. [12]

Religion

The original Fali religion is traditional African. It has been identified as monotheistic, [2] involving belief in a creator god, Muttaf, and a mother goddess, Ona, the Earth. Followers of the Fali religion make prayers and offerings to ancestors to intercede with Faw on behalf of the living. [3] The Fali "conceive of Muttaf not only as creator and organizer, but also as a just God who is undepictable by human intelligence." [2] The religion also includes belief in supernatural beings, including genies, sacred crocodiles, and the black snake, the master of darkness.

By 2009, increasing numbers of Fali were Christians although many converts maintain syncretic beliefs. [3] The total population of Fali is over 250,000 people, with 99 percent being Christians (in Nigeria) and the remainder being Muslims and traditional believers. The dominant churches in Fali Land are Catholic, Baptist and EYN with few Pentecostal churches coming up in recent days. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yola, Nigeria</span> Place in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Yola, meaning 'Great Plain' or 'Vast Plain Land', is the largest city, capital city and administrative center of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Located on the Benue River, it has a population of 336,648 (2010). Yola is split into two parts. The old town of Yola where the Lamido resides is the traditional city but the new city of Jimeta is the administrative and commercial centre. Generally the term Yola is now used to mean both.

Sokoto Caliphate Islamic state in West Africa (1804–1903)

The Sokoto Caliphate was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa. It was founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 during the Fulani jihads after defeating the Hausa Kingdoms in the Fulani War. The boundaries of the caliphate are part of present-day Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria. It was dissolved when the British and Germans conquered the area in 1903 and annexed it into the newly established Northern Nigeria Protectorate and Kamerun respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adamawa State</span> State of Nigeria

Adamawa State is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered by Borno to the northwest, Gombe to the west, and Taraba to the southwest while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Adamawa, with the emirate's old capital of Yola serving as the capital city of Adamawa State. The state—one of the most heterogeneous in Nigeria with over 100 indigenous ethnic groups—was formed in 1991 when the former Gongola State was broken up into Adamawa and Taraba states.

Religion in Africa is multifaceted and has been a major influence on art, culture and philosophy. Today, the continent's various populations and individuals are mostly adherents of Christianity, Islam, and to a lesser extent several traditional African religions. In Christian or Islamic communities, religious beliefs are also sometimes characterized with syncretism with the beliefs and practices of traditional religions.

North Region (Cameroon) Region of Cameroon

The North Region makes up 66,090 km² of the northern half of The Republic of Cameroon. Neighbouring territories include the Far North Region to the north, the Adamawa Region to the south, Nigeria to the west, Chad to the east, and Central African Republic to the southeast. The city of Garoua is both the political and industrial capital. Garoua is Cameroon's third largest port, despite the fact that the Bénoué River upon which it relies is only navigable for short periods of the year.

Adamawa Emirate

The Adamawa Emirate is a traditional state located in Fombina, an area which now roughly corresponds to areas of Adamawa State and Taraba state in Nigeria, and previously also in the three northern provinces of Cameroon, including minor Parts of Chad and the Central African Republic. It was founded by Modibo Adama, a commander of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, the man who began the Fulani jihad in 1809. The capital was moved several times until it settled in Yola, Nigeria on the banks of the Benue River in Nigeria around 1841. At the time of Adama's death his realm encompassed parts of modern Nigeria and much of north Cameroon. It was technically part of the Sokoto Caliphate, and it had to pay a tribute to the leaders in Sokoto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kirdi</span> Ethnic groups of the northern Nigeria–Cameroon border

The Kirdi are the many cultures and ethnic groups who inhabit northwestern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria.

The Tigre people are an ethnic group indigenous to Eritrea. They mainly inhabit the lowlands and northern highlands of Eritrea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional African religions</span> Diverse traditional beliefs and practices of African people

The traditional beliefs and practices of African people are highly diverse beliefs that include various ethnic religions. Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural and passed down from one generation to another through folk tales, songs, and festivals, include belief in an amount of higher and lower gods, sometimes including a supreme creator or force, belief in spirits, veneration of the dead, use of magic and traditional African medicine. Most religions can be described as animistic with various polytheistic and pantheistic aspects. The role of humanity is generally seen as one of harmonizing nature with the supernatural.

Musgum people

The Musgum or Mulwi are a Chadic ethnic group in Cameroon and Chad. They speak Musgu, a Chadic language, which had 61,500 speakers in Cameroon in 1982 and 24,408 speakers in Chad in 1993. The Musgum call themselves Mulwi.

Gbaya people

The Gbaya, also Gbeya or Baya, are a people of western region of Central African Republic, east-central Cameroon, the north of the Republic of Congo, and the northwest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the first half of the 20th century, the Gbaya were involved in several revolt attempts against German and then French colonial rule.

Kamwe also spelt Kamue) is a Chadic language autochthonous to Adamawa State, Borno State of Nigeria and North Western Cameroon.

The Chamba are a significant ethnic group in the north eastern Nigeria. The Chamba are located between present day Nigeria and Cameroon. The closest Chamba neighbours are the Mumuye, the Jukun and Kutep people. In Cameroon, the successors of Leko and chamba speakers are divided into several states: Bali Nyonga, Bali Kumbat, Bali-Gham, Bali-Gangsin, and Bali-Gashu. The are two ethnic groups in Ghana and Togo also called Chamba, but they are ethnically distinct. The Chamba are identified through their own language, beliefs, culture, and art.

The Kamuku are an ethnic group in central Nigeria. The Kamuku language belongs to the Kainji family and is related to C'lela, Duka, and Kambari. They mainly live in the west-central region of Nigeria, particularly in Kwara State. Their population in 1996 exceeded 35,000 people, found in the Sokoto division of Sokoto State, the Birnin Gwari division of Kaduna State and the Kontagora and Minna divisions of Niger State.

Mohammed Umaru Jibrilla, also known as Bindow Jibrilla is a Nigerian businessman who became the candidate of the People's Democratic Party in the 9 April 2011 Senatorial election for the Adamawa North district, and went on to be elected to the Nigerian Senate. His candidature was unsuccessfully disputed by the incumbent Senator Mohammed Mana. Bindow was elected governor of Adamawa State after defeating Nuhu Ribadu and Markus Gundiri in the April 2015 Adamawa State gubernatorial election. In 2019, he sought re-election for a second term in office but was defeated by opposition People's Democratic Party's candidate, Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri.

The Poko are a people of Transvaal, South Africa. They were conquered in 1864 by the Boer settlers and Mswati II.

The Adyumba or Adjumba are a Bantu ethnic group in Gabon. They live mainly near Lake Azingo and in the Middle Ogooué River in the west coast of the country. They belong to the Myènè people and also speak the Myènè language of the Bantu languages. Their neighbors include the Mpongwe people and the Nkomi people. Today most live by fishing, food crops and small businesses.

The Nyasa are a people of southeastern Africa, concentrated mainly in Malawi, southwestern Tanzania and parts of northern Mozambique. The people are also known as the Kimanda, Kinyasa and Manda. Significant populations of Nyasa live along the shores of northeastern Lake Malawi. Many Nyanja people of Malawi refers to themselves as Nyasa; as of 2010 roughly 500,000 claim to be Nyasa people.

The Mbunda Kingdom was an African kingdom located in west central Africa, what is now south-east Angola. At its greatest extent, it reached from Mithimoyi in the central Moxico to the Cuando Cubango Province in the south-east, bordering with Namibia. The kingdom was ruled by Mwene wa Chiundi (King).

The Kamwe or Higgi popularly known as Michika are a set of people that can be found in Michika, Dakwe in Adamawa state and some parts of Cameroon.

References

  1. "Fali," The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary (1996) (James Stuart Olson, editor). Greenwood : p. 174-175.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Fali," Almanac of African Peoples and Nations (1999) (Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, editor). Transaction: p. 309.
  3. 1 2 3 "Fali," Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1 (2009) (Jamie Stokes, editor). Infobase: p. 225.
  4. 1 2 "Fali," Almanac of African Peoples and Nations (1999) (Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, editor). Transaction: p. 309.
  5. "Fali," Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1 (2009) (Jamie Stokes, editor). Infobase: p. 225.
  6. "Fali," Encyclopædia Britannica (2011).
  7. Steven Nelson, From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa (2007). University of Chicago Press: p. 155.
  8. "Fali," Encyclopædia Britannica (2011).
  9. "Fali," The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary (1996) (James Stuart Olson, editor). Greenwood : p. 174-175.
  10. "Fali," Almanac of African Peoples and Nations (1999) (Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, editor). Transaction: p. 309.
  11. 1 2 "Fali," Encyclopædia Britannica (2011).
  12. 1 2 Hans Dieter Neuwinger, African Ethnobotany, Poisons and Drugs: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology (1996). CRC Press: p. 33.
  13. PeopleGroups.org. "PeopleGroups.org - Fali of Nigeria". peoplegroups.org. Retrieved 2022-09-11.