Flora of Nepal

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rhododendron (arboreum), the national flower of Nepal Rhododendron arboreum zeylanicum flower.jpg
rhododendron (arboreum), the national flower of Nepal

The flora of Nepal is one of the richest in the world due to the diverse climate, topology and geography of the country. Research undertaken in the late 1970s and early 1980s documented 5067 species of which 5041 were angiosperms and the remaining 26 species were gymnosperms. [1] The Terai area has hardwood, bamboo, palm, and sal trees. [2] Notable plants include the garden angelica, Luculia gratissima , Meconopsis villosa , and Persicaria affinis . However, according to ICOMOS checklist (as of 2006), in the protected sites, there are 2,532 species of vascular plants under 1,034 genera and 199 families. The variation in figures is attributed to inadequate floral coverage filed studies. [3] Some of the plants contain medicinal values. It contains certain chemical which is used to heal wound by There are 400 species of vascular plants which are endemic to Nepal. Of these, two in particular are orchids Pleione coronaria and Oreorchis porphyranthes. The most popular endemic plant of Nepal is rhododendron (arboreum) which in Nepali language is called lali guras. [4]

Contents

Human consumption

93% of human diet depend upon plants and remaining 7% of food rely on animals that directly or indirectly depends upon plants. [5] Nepalese people consume plants according to the geographical structure of Nepal. Human consume seed, root, whole plants, flower as their food. [6]

Seeds

Seeds consumed in Nepal usually are: [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

Leaves

Leaves consumed in Nepal usually includes: [16] [17] [18] [19]

Fruits

Fruits of Nepal usually includes: [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

Roots

Some of the roots consumed as food in Nepal are: [25] [26] [27]

Medical usage

Plants were the main source of therapy till the middle of the 19th century. More than 50% of world population depends on traditional medicine. [28] There are between 1600 and 1900 plant species present in Nepal, and a large variety of them are frequently used in traditional medical practices. These plants are used for their medical benefits and have a profound cultural impact on the nation. [29] The oldest repository that is known to record the medicinal plants used in the Himalayas is known as Rigveda (4500 BC and 1600 BC), which explained the medical usage of 67 plants. The Ayurveda (the foundation of science of life and the art of healing of Hindu culture) explain the therapeutic properties of 1200 plants. [30]

S.NScientific Name

(family)

English NameNepali NamePartUsage
1. Abies spectabilis (Pinaceae)Himalayan sallaGobre sallaleavesused to cure cough and cold [31]
2. Acacia catechu (Mimosaceae)Cutch treeKhairwoodused to cure cough and cod [31]
3. Aconitum Ferox (Ranunculaceae)Himalayan monkshookBikhrootspaste is used for joint pain [31]
4. Aconitum heterophyllum

(Ranunculaceae)

AconitesBishrhizomeused to cure fever, body ache cold, cough, running nose etc. [31]
5. Aesculus indica

(Sapindaceae)

Indian horse chestnutKaruseedoil extracted from seed is used for joint pain skin [31]
6. Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae)AgeratumGandhe Jharleafjuice extracted is applied to cure wounds.

docoction is also use for diarrhea, dysentery etc. [31]

7. Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae)Prickly amaranthBagani dhaprootpaste is applied to heal cuts and wounds [31]
8. Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae)KalmeghKariyatwhole plantPlant juice is used to cure infections [31]
9. Acorus calamus L.

(Araceae)

Sweet flagBojhorootpaste is used to heal wounds in cattles [32]
10. Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)Goat weedGandhe jharleafjuice is used to cure wounds [32]
11. Aloe Barbadensis Miller Asphodelaceae (Lilaceae)Aloe veraGhiu kumarileafgel extracted from leaf is applied to heal wounds [33] [34]
12. Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser (Asteraceae)MugwortTitepatileaf and rhizomeapplied on wounds to stop bleeding [32] [35]
13. Azadirachta indica A. Juss

(Meliaceae)

MargosaNeemleafleaf decoction is applied to wounds of cattle and human [32]
14. Cannabis sativa L.

(Cannabineae)

HempBhangLeafextracted juice from leaf applied to wounds [32]
15. Centella Asiatical (l.) Urb.PennywortGhodtapreleafjuice is used to treat wounds [32]
16. Curcuma Augustifolia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae)TurmericBesharrootpaste made of turmeric powder and oil is applied to wounds [33]
17. Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.

(Poaceae)

Bermuda grassDubowhole plantpaste of whole plant is applied to wounds[ citation needed ]
18. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphoriaceae)Physic nutSaruwaLatexLatex is used to care gums infection [36]
19. Ocimum tenuflorum L.

(Lamiaceae)

Holy basilTulashileafleaf juice is applied to wounds [32]
20. Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)Indian sorrelChari amiloplantthe juice of the plant is applied to heal wounds [32]

Spices

Herbs and spices are food additives used to enhance taste, color, aroma and to preserve food. Most of the spices have health benefits and are used as traditional medicine. [37] Following are the list of plants used as spices

S.NScientific Name

(Family)

English NameNepali Namepart use as spices
1. Acorus calamus L.

(Acoraceae)

Sweet flagBojoleaves, steam and rhizomes [38]
2.Allium hypsistum stearn

(Amarylidaceae)

JimbuJimbhuDried leaves [39]
3. Allium sativum L.

(Amarylidaceae)

GarlicLasunLeaves and cloves [40]
4. Allium cepa L.

(Amarylidaceae)

OnionPyajLeaf and bulb [41]
5. Amomum subulatum Roxb.

(Zingiberaceae)

Black cardamomAlichiDried seed [42]
6. Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees &Eberm

(Lauceae)

Bay leafTejpatfresh or dried leaf [43]
7. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl

(LAuraceae)

CinamonDalchiniDried bark [44]
8. Coriandrum sativum L.

(Apiaceae)

CorianderDhaniyaFresh leaves and dried seed [45]
9. Cuminum cyminum L.

(Apiaceae)

CumminJeeraSeed[ citation needed ]
10. Curcuma Longa L.

(Zingiberaceae)

TurmericBesarrhizome [46]
11. Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton

(Zingiberaceae)

True cardamomSukmeldried seed [47]
12. Ferula assa-foetida L.

(Apiaceae)

AsafetidaHingrhizome [46]
13 Mentha arvensis L.

(Lamiaceae)

Wild mintpudina/barbarileaves [48]
14. Myristica fragrans Houtt.

(Myristicaceae)

NutmegJaiphalseed [49]
15. Nigella sativa L.

(Rananculaceae)

Black cuminMungreloseed [50]
16. Piper nigrum L.

(Piperaceae)

Black pepperMarichfruit [51]
17. Sesamum indicum L.

(Pedaliaceae)

SesameTilseed [48]
18. Syzygium aromaticum (L.)Merr. & L.M. PerryCloveLwangflower bud [52]
19. Trigonella foenumgraecum L.

(Fabaceae)

FenugreekMethidried fruits [53]
20. Zingiber officinale Roscoe(Zingiberaceae)GingerAduwafresh and dried rhizome [54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ National Register of Medicinal Plants. IUCN. 2000. pp. 3–. ISBN   978-92-9144-048-1.
  2. ↑ Zuchora-Walske, Christine (1 September 2008). Nepal in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 14–. ISBN   978-0-8225-8578-7.
  3. ↑ "Biodiversity Assessment" (PDF). Icimod Organization. pp. 18, 33–35. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  4. ↑ "Nepal". Living National Treasures.Com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  5. ↑ Borlaug, Norman E. (1983-02-11). "Contributions of Conventional Plant Breeding to Food Production". Science. 219 (4585): 689–693. doi:10.1126/science.219.4585.689. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17814030. S2CID   40490405.
  6. ↑ Behre, Karl-Ernst (2007-11-26). "Collected seeds and fruits from herbs as prehistoric food". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 17 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0106-x. ISSN   0939-6314. S2CID   83710773.
  7. ↑ Subedi, S.; Ghimire, Y.N.; Adhikari, S.P.; Devkota, D.; Shrestha, J.; Poudel, H.K.; Sapkota, B.K. (2019-12-10). "Adoption of certain improved varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in seven different provinces of Nepal" (PDF). Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 4 (4): 404–409. doi:10.26832/24566632.2019.040406. ISSN   2456-6632. S2CID   209513490.
  8. ↑ Gadal, N.; Shrestha, J.; Poudel, M.N.; Pokharel, B. (2019-03-10). "A review on production status and growing environments of rice in Nepal and in the world" (PDF). Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 4 (1): 83–87. doi:10.26832/24566632.2019.0401013. ISSN   2456-6632. S2CID   188790603.
  9. ↑ "Current Status of Global Barley Production and Utilization", Barley for Food and Health, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 204–209, 2008, doi:10.1002/9780470369333.ch9, ISBN   9780470369333 , retrieved 2023-07-07
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  12. ↑ KC, Govind; Karki, Tika B; Shrestha, Jiban; Achhami, Buddhi B (2015-12-30). "Status and prospects of maize research in Nepal". Journal of Maize Research and Development. 1 (1): 1–9. doi:10.3126/jmrd.v1i1.14239. ISSN   2467-9305.
  13. ↑ Johnson, S. E.; Lauren, J. G.; Welch, R. M.; Duxbury, J. M. (2005-09-30). "A Comparison of the Effects of Micronutrient Seed Priming and Soil Fertilization on the Mineral Nutrition of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), Lentil (Lens culinaris), Rice (Oryza sativa) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Nepal". Experimental Agriculture. 41 (4): 427–448. doi:10.1017/s0014479705002851. ISSN   0014-4797. S2CID   86324845.
  14. ↑ Dhakal, Shiva Chandra; Regmi, Punya Prasad; Thapa, Resham Bahadur; Sah, Shrawan Kumar; Khatri-Chhetri, Dilli Bahadur (2015-12-30). "Productivity and profitability of maize-pumpkin mix cropping in Chitwan, Nepal". Journal of Maize Research and Development. 1 (1): 112–122. doi:10.3126/jmrd.v1i1.14249. ISSN   2467-9305.
  15. ↑ Baniya, Bimal K; Tiwari, Radha K; Chaudhary, Pashupati; Shrestha, Surendra K; Tiwari, Pushpa R (1970). "Planting Materials Seed Systems of Finger Millet, Rice and Taro in Jumla, Kaski and Bara Districts of Nepal". Nepal Agriculture Research Journal. 6: 10–22. doi:10.3126/narj.v6i0.3343. ISSN   1029-533X.
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  17. ↑ Jones, Katharine M.; Specio, Sheila E.; Shrestha, Parvati; Brown, Kenneth H.; Allen, Lindsay H. (2005). "Nutrition Knowledge and Practices, and Consumption of Vitamin A–Rich Plants by Rural Nepali Participants and Nonparticipants in a Kitchen-Garden Program". Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 26 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1177/156482650502600204. ISSN   0379-5721. PMID   16060221. S2CID   22038064.
  18. ↑ Harmayani, Eni; Anal, Anil Kumar; Wichienchot, Santad; Bhat, Rajeev; Gardjito, Murdijati; Santoso, Umar; Siripongvutikorn, Sunisa; Puripaatanavong, Jindaporn; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (2019). "Healthy food traditions of Asia: exploratory case studies from Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Nepal". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 6 (1). doi: 10.1186/s42779-019-0002-x . ISSN   2352-6181. S2CID   257159466.
  19. ↑ Dahal, Januka; Pandey, Utshay; Bhandari, Upakar; Tiwari, Sabina; Shrestha, Suchit (2021). "Performance of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Genotypes with Respect to Morphological, Yield and Quality Traits at Two Localities of Nepal". Nepalese Horticulture. 15: 64–72. doi:10.3126/nh.v15i0.36650. ISSN   2542-2936. S2CID   244221812.
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  22. ↑ Acharya, Suraj (2021). "Resource Productivity Analysis of Organic Turmeric Production in Surkhet District, Nepal". Economic Affairs. 66 (2). doi:10.46852/0424-2513.2.2021.2. ISSN   0424-2513. S2CID   238758035.
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  33. 1 2 Shedoeva, Aleksandra; Leavesley, David; Upton, Zee; Fan, Chen (2019-09-22). "Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019: 1–30. doi: 10.1155/2019/2684108 . ISSN   1741-427X. PMC   6778887 . PMID   31662773.
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  54. ↑ Mao, Qian-Qian; Xu, Xiao-Yu; Cao, Shi-Yu; Gan, Ren-You; Corke, Harold; Beta, Trust; Li, Hua-Bin (2019-05-30). "Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)". Foods. 8 (6): 185. doi: 10.3390/foods8060185 . ISSN   2304-8158. PMC   6616534 . PMID   31151279.
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