Elettaria cardamomum

Last updated

Green cardamom
True cardamom
Elettaria cardamomum - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-057.jpg
True cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum)
1896 illustration [1]
Cardamom pods - Green BNC.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Elettaria
Species:
E. cardamomum
Binomial name
Elettaria cardamomum
Synonyms [2]
  • Amomum cardamomumL.
  • Amomum repensSonn., illegitimate superfluous name
  • Amomum racemosumLam., illegitimate superfluous name
  • Alpinia cardamomum(L.) Roxb.
  • Cardamomum officinaleSalisb.
  • Zingiber cardamomum(L.) Stokes
  • Matonia cardamomum(L.) Stephenson & J.M.Churchill
  • Cardamomum verumOken, illegitimate superfluous name
  • Elettaria repensBaill., illegitimate superfluous name
  • Elettaria cardamomum var. minorWatt, not validly published
  • Cardamomum elletariGarsault, rejected name
  • Zingiber minusGaertn.
  • Amomum ensalRaeusch.
  • Amomum uncinatumStokes
  • Cardamomum malabaricumPritz.
  • Cardamomum minus(Gaertn.) Kuntze
  • Elettaria cardamomum var. minusculaBurkill, without description

Elettaria cardamomum, commonly known as green cardamom or true cardamom, is a herbaceous, perennial plant in the ginger family, native to southern India. It is the most common of the species whose seeds are used as a spice called cardamom that has a sharp, strong, punchy aroma. It is cultivated widely in tropical regions and reportedly naturalized in Réunion, Indochina, and Costa Rica. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Growth

ElettariaCardamomum.jpg

Elettaria cardamomum is a pungent, aromatic, herbaceous, perennial plant, growing to about 2–4 m (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in) in height. The leaves are alternate in two ranks, linear-lanceolate, 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long, with a long pointed tip. The flowers are white to lilac or pale violet, produced in a loose spike 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long. The fruit is a three-sided yellow-green pod 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) long, containing several (15-20) black and brown seeds.

Use

The green seed pods of the plant are dried and the seeds inside the pod are used in Indian and other Asian cuisines, either whole or ground. It is the most widely cultivated species of cardamom; for other types and uses, see cardamom.

Cardamom pods as used as spice Cardamone.jpg
Cardamom pods as used as spice

True cardamom may have been used in Ayurveda medicine as early as the 4th century BC. [6] Ground cardamom is an ingredient in many Indian curries and is a primary contributor to the flavour of masala chai . In Iran and India, cardamom is used to flavour coffee and tea. Cardamom has been used medicinally in traditional practices for nausea, kidney disorders, gum infections, and cataracts. [7]

In addition to its native range, it is grown in Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Central America. In India, the states of Sikkim and Kerala are the main producers of cardamom; they rank highest both in cultivated area and in production.

Biology

The primary volatile components are terpinyl acetate and eucalyptol. [8]

Ecology

E. cardamomum is used as a food plant by the larvae of the moth Endoclita hosei . [9]

Varieties

Cardamom plant Cardamom plant.jpg
Cardamom plant

The three natural varieties of green cardamom plants are:

Recently, a few planters isolated high-yielding plants and started multiplying them on a large scale. The most popular high-yielding variety is 'Njallani', which is a unique high-yielding cardamom variety developed by an Indian farmer, Sebastian Joseph, at Kattappana in the South Indian state of Kerala. [10] [11] [12] [13] K. J. Baby of Idukki District, Kerala, has developed a purely white-flowered variety of Vazhuka type green cardamom having higher yield than 'Njallani'. The variety has high adaptability to different shade conditions and can also be grown in waterlogged areas. [14]

References

  1. Elettaria cardamomum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen - Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. 1 2 "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  3. Larsen, K. (1996). A preliminary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35-49.
  4. Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
  5. Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  6. Pickersgill, Barbara (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN   0415927463.
  7. Ashokkumar, Kaliyaperumal; Murugan, Muthusamy; Dhanya, M.K.; Warkentin, Thomas D. (January 2020). "Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] – A critical review" . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 246: 112244. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112244. ISSN   0378-8741.
  8. Johnson, Arielle J.; Heymann, Hildegarde; Ebeler, Susan E. (2015). "Volatile and sensory profiling of cocktail bitters" (PDF). Food Chemistry. 179: 343–354. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  9. Shaista Kokab and Shahid Ahmad (2011). "Developing Herbal Pharmaceutics in Pakistan – II: Distinctiveness of Selected Medicinal Herbs and Uses" (PDF). Managing Natural Resources for Sustaining Future Agriculture. 3 (21).[ permanent dead link ]
  10. Unsung Hero: Tale of an ingenious farmer, www.rediff.com, 30 May 2007.
  11. "New cardamom variety – Njallani", National Innovation Foundation, Idukki, Kerala, India: Department of Science and Technology
  12. "Poor rainfall may hit cardamom crop". The Hindu Business Line. 6 July 2007.
  13. "Cardamom: Scientists, Njallani developers fight". CommodityOnline. 8 January 2008.
  14. "White Flowered Cardamom Variety" (PDF), Fourth National Technological Innovations & Traditional Knowledge Awards, India: National Innovation Foundation, Department of Science and Technology, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-17
Cardamom Flower Flower CardamomP1030443.JPG
Cardamom Flower