Fringe-toed lizard

This article is about North American lizards of the genus Uma. For the Old World lizards also known as "fringe-toed lizards", see Acanthodactylus.

Fringe-toed lizard
Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, Uma inornata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Iguania
Family:	Phrynosomatidae
Genus:	Uma Baird, 1859 [1]

Fringe-toed lizards are lizards of the genus Uma in the family Phrynosomatidae, native to deserts of North America. They are adapted for life in sandy deserts with fringe-like scales on their hind toes hence their common name.

Descriptions

Lizards of the genus Uma have a brown and tan coloration that helps them to blend in with the sand. The dorsal surface has a velvety texture with intricate markings. In addition, they also have prominent elongated scales which form a fringe on the sides of their hind toes. ^[2] These fringes aid with traction and speed, and help the lizard avoid sinking into loose, sandy dunes. ^[3]

Fringe-toed lizards also possess upper jaws which overlap the lower ones, preventing the intrusion of sand particles, and nostrils that can be closed at will. Flaps also close against the ear openings when moving through sand, and the upper and lower eyelids have interlocking scales that prevent sand from getting into the eyes. ^[2]

Geographic range

Fringe-toed lizards range throughout southeast California and southwest Arizona, and extend into northwest Sonora and northeast Baja California. ^[2]

Habitat

Lizards of the genus Uma are found in low desert areas having fine, loose sand.

Diet

Fringe-toed lizards primarily eat insects, including ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and caterpillars. Flower buds, stems, leaves and seeds of plants are also eaten. ^[2]

Behavior

Lizards of the genus Uma bury themselves underground in the winter. They sleep in their burrows, and use their burrows for protection from predators and extreme temperatures.

Species

Image	Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution
	Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard	Uma inornata Cope, 1895	Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California
	Colorado Desert fringe-toed lizard	Uma notata Baird, 1858	Imperial County, California to Sonora, Mexico.
	Mohawk Dunes fringe-toed lizard	Uma thurmanae Derycke, Gottscho, Mulcahy, & De Queiroz, 2020	southern Arizona.
	Mojave fringe-toed lizard	Uma scoparia Cope, 1894	California to western Arizona
	Yuman Desert fringe-toed lizard	Uma cowlesi Heifetz, 1941	northwestern Mexico
	Chihuahuan fringe-toed lizard	Uma paraphygas K.L. Williams, Chrapliwy & H.M. Smith, 1959	Mexico.
	Fringe-toed sand lizard	Uma exsul Schmidt & Bogert, 1947 [4]	Mexico.

"Uma rufopunctata", the previous name for the Yuman Desert fringe-toed lizard, was found in 2016 to represent a hybrid between U. notata and U. cowlesi. ^[5] ||

See also

• Meroles , a genus of African lizards with morphological and ecological similarities
• Xerocoles, animals adapted to desert environments

References

1. "Uma ". Wikispecies
2. Stebbins, Robert C. (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 280–282. ISBN   0395982723.
3. Carothers JH (1986). "An experimental confirmation of morphological adaptation: toe fringes in the sand-dwelling lizard Uma scoparia". Evolution. 40 (4): 871–874. doi:10.2307/2408475. JSTOR   2408475. PMID   28556153.
4. "Uma ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
5. Gottscho, Andrew D.; Wood, Dustin A.; Vandergast, Amy G.; Lemos-Espinal, Julio; Gatesy, John; Reeder, Tod W. (2017-01-01). "Lineage diversification of fringe-toed lizards (Phrynosomatidae: Uma notata complex) in the Colorado Desert: Delimiting species in the presence of gene flow". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 106: 103–117. Bibcode:2017MolPE.106..103G. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.008 . ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   27640953.